world-biochar-headlines-07-2022

It's a good burn: Biochar helps farmers get more life out of dead plants – Spot On Vermont

1 July, 2022

WOODSTOCK – Dorie Seavey watched as Ken Scherer chucked loads of barberry, along with dry, downed maple, red pine and ash boughs, into a massive metal kiln in her yard.What looks like a backyard burn pile Scherer sees as “biomass,” a catch-all term that includes forest and crop…

Iron-Modified Biochar Strengthens Simazine Adsorption and Decreases Simazine … – Frontiers

1 July, 2022

Impact Factor 5.640 | CiteScore 7.3
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Getting Down to the Mechanism of Biochar Effects on the Functioning of Plant-Soil Systems View all Articles

Nantong University, China

Agro-Environmental Protection Institute (CAAS), China

School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, China

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Table 1. The physical and chemical characterization of soil.

Figure 1. FTIR spectra for the pristine biochar and iron-modified biochar (A) and pH value of soil before and after biochar amendment (B).

Figure 2. The content of elements (A) and the molar ratio (B) of biochar or iron modified biochar.

Figure 3. The adsorption of iron modified biochar or pristine biochar on simazine. Distribution of simazine in solid and liquid phases (A) and Freundlich isotherms (B).

Table 2. The properties of biochar with and without iron modification.

Figure 4. The concentration of simazine in the leachate.

Figure 5. The influence of iron modified biochar on the total biomass (A) and the relative abundance of different microbial taxonomic groups (B) (PLFAs) in soil.

Figure 6. The simazine decomposition in the soil amended with biochar or iron modified biochar.

Keywords: iron-modified biochar, simazine, decomposition, adsorption, microbial community

Citation: Cheng H, Xing D, Lin S, Deng Z, Wang X, Ning W, Hill PW, Chadwick DR and Jones DL (2022) Iron-Modified Biochar Strengthens Simazine Adsorption and Decreases Simazine Decomposition in the Soil. Front. Microbiol. 13:901658. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901658

Received: 22 March 2022; Accepted: 17 May 2022;
Published: 01 July 2022.

Edited by:

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2022 Cheng, Xing, Lin, Deng, Wang, Ning, Hill, Chadwick and Jones. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Hongguang Cheng, chenghongguang@vip.gyig.ac.cn

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Enhanced Cr(Vi) Bioreduction by Biochar: Insight into the Persistent Free Radicals … – SSRN Papers

1 July, 2022

Huazhong Agricultural University

affiliation not provided to SSRN

Huazhong Agricultural University

affiliation not provided to SSRN

Huazhong Agricultural University – Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation

Huazhong Agricultural University

Huazhong Agricultural University – State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology

University of Massachusetts Amherst – Stockbridge School of Agriculture

Biochar can act as a shuttle to accelerate the extracellular electron transfer (EET) by exoelectrogens. However, it is poorly understood how the persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar affected EET and the redox reaction. Herein, the effects of the biochar and chitosan modified biochar (CBC) on the Cr(VI) bioreduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) was investigated. Kinetic study indicated that the Cr(VI) bioreduction was increased by 1.8-33.7 folds in the presence of biochar, and by 2.7-60.2 folds in the presence of CBC. Moreover, Cr(VI) bioreduction rates were increased by decreasing pH value of the reaction system. Those results suggested that the electrostatic attraction between biochar and Cr(VI) could promote the Cr(VI) migration from aqueous phase to biochar, which accelerated the EET by c-cytochrome. Electron paramagnetic resonance analysis suggested that the PFRs could mediate the electron transfer from the ·O2- generated by MR-1 to Cr(VI) and accelerate the Cr(VI) bioreduction rates. Remarkably, in the presence of PFRs, this electron shuttling process was not dependent on the well-known metal-reducing respiratory pathway. Our results offer a potential new mechanism that free radicals may be widely involved in the EET and strongly impact on the Cr(VI) redox reaction in environment.

Keywords: extracellular electron transfer, persistent free radicals (PFRs), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Cr(VI) bioreduction, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

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Wuhan, Hubei
Wuhan, 430070
China

No Address Available

Wuhan, Hubei
Wuhan, 430070
China

No Address Available

Wuhan
China

China

Amherst, MA 01003
United States

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Biochar with High Labile Matter Increases No2- Accumulation and N2o Emissions … – SSRN Papers

1 July, 2022

Kyung Hee University

The effects of biochar application on soil N 2 O emissions under low water-filled pore space (WFPS) conditions remain relatively unclear compared to those under high WFPS conditions. Therefore, focusing on the increasing effects of biochar on soil N 2 O emissions, two objectives were set for the study: 1) to identify the primary conditions that lead to an increase N 2 O emissions in upland agricultural soil by biochar addition; and 2) to understand how biochar increases soil N 2 O emissions under these conditions. A decision tree analysis of 155 observations from 26 published papers was conducted for the first objective. It was verified that biochar with high labile matter content has a higher chance of increasing soil N 2 O emissions. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the probability of increasing N 2 O emission by labile biochar was higher in soils where pH could be increased by biochar addition. Based on the decision tree results, an incubation experiment was performed using C-limited acidic soil amended with urea and 4% (w/w) biochar (wood pellets, cocopeat, or rice husk biochar) containing different amounts of labile matter. As a result, N 2 O emissions increased in soils amended biochar with highly labile matter, which was consistent with the decision tree analysis results. This is probably because the labile matter of biochar stimulated overall nitrification-related processes and led to an imbalance between ammonia-and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB), resulting in NO 2 − accumulation. The imbalance of AOB and NOB, which was supported by the gene abundance data, occurred because more NH 3 volatilized from urea under the higher soil pH. The NO 2 − accumulation could also be explained by higher stimulation of AOB than NOB by more inorganic C from microbial respiration. Overall the results imply that biochar with high labile matter content and high pH could stimulate N 2 O emissions in urea-fertilized acidic soil by promoting overall microbial activity and by causing an imbalance in the ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing processes.

Keywords: Biochar, Labile matter, Nitrous oxide, Nitrite accumulation, Decision tree, Inceptisols

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Department of Accounting and Taxation
School of Management
Seoul
Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

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Biochar Supermix – Garden Soil & Fertilisers – Carousell

1 July, 2022

one-step biochar synthesis method and solution matrix effect on sulfamethoxazole removal kinetics

1 July, 2022

Using biochar to adsorb and degrade organic contaminants has attracted increasing attention due to its relatively low cost and high efficiency. In this work, two magnetic biochars were synthesized by pyrolyzing a mixture of naturally occurring hematite or goethite mineral and pine needle biomass. The biochar composite was characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area analyzer. The result demonstrated iron minerals have been deposited on carbon surfaces and been reduced to magnetite or wustite minerals. In comparison to the unmodified biochar, the iron mineral-modified biochar had better sorption ability, likely because the iron mineral particles on the carbon surface served as additional sorption sites for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal. After modification, the biochar also showed higher persulfate activation capacity with radical generation: at 4 h, neutral pH, 67.5 and 77.9% of persulfate is activated with hematite and goethite modified biochar, where only 11.7% persulfate is activated by unmodified biochar. With persulfate, goethite-modified biochar showed better SMX removal capacity than hematite-modified biochar with about 79% of SMX removed in 4 h. Solution chemistry such as pH and co-exist humic acid can affect SMX removal by affecting iron minerals. Because the magnetized biochar can be easily isolated and removed with external magnets, it can be used in various contaminant removal applications.

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All data are available in the manuscript and supplementary materials.

This work was partially supported by the USDA through grant 2018–38821-27751 and USDA Evans Allen Grant.

All authors contributed to the study’s methodology and design. Conceptualization is done by Hao Chen. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Hem Chandra Sharma and Aneesh Kumar Chandel. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Hao Chen and Hem Chandra Sharma. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Correspondence to Hao Chen.

Not applicable.

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Zhihong Xu

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Received: 07 April 2022

Accepted: 26 June 2022

Published: 01 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21743-4

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Effects of biochar application on the loss characteristics of Cd from acidic soil under …

1 July, 2022

Biochar is widely used for immobilizing heavy metals in soil as a kind of high-effective passivator. This research conducted incubation and simulated rainfall experiments to study the effects of biochar application on the loss characteristics of runoff and sediment, as well as the transportation of the Cd during the water erosion process. Two rainfall intensities (60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) and five biochar application rates (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) were considered in the experiment. The result showed that slaking had a greater effect than mechanical stirring in aggregate breakdown of the soil, and the addition of biochar generally increased the sensitivity of the soil to wet stirring, while had no obvious influence on the resistance to slaking. The H₂O and CaCl₂ extractable Cd in soil significantly decreased with the increase of biochar application rate. The runoff yields decreased with the increase of biochar application rate at both the two rainfall intensities, while the eroded sediment generally decreased at the 120 mm h⁻¹ rainfall intensity. The addition of biochar tended to increase the loss of the middle-sized (1–0.05 mm) aggregates at the 60 mm h⁻¹ rainfall intensity, whereas reduced their loss at the 120 mm h⁻¹ rainfall intensity. Biochar application could significantly reduce the concentration of Cd in the runoff and decreased the total loss amount of Cd (sediment+runoff) in most of the cases. Excessively high level (7%) of biochar application may aggravate soil erosion and result in more Cd loss.

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Not applicable.

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42177343, No. 41701320), the GDAS’ Project of Science and Technology Development (2019GDASYL-0104015, 2019GDASYL-0301002, 2019GDASYL-0401003, and 2019GDASYL-0103043), the Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (202002020026), the Meizhou Science and Technology Plan Project (2020B0204001), and the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Program (2018B030324001).

Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Zaijian Yuan, Yueyan Song, Bin Huang, Yunhui Chen, and Xiaojun Ge. The first draft was written by Zaijian Yuan and Yueyan Song. The final draft was analyzed and reviewed by Dingqiang Li, Bin Huang, Mingguo Zheng, Yishan Liao and Zhenyue Xie. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Correspondence to Bin Huang.

Not applicable.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Responsible Editor: Zhihong Xu

Received: 18 February 2022

Accepted: 19 June 2022

Published: 01 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21623-x

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Biochar: Why and How To Use It (For Home Gardeners) – WhyFarmIt.com

1 July, 2022

The term biochar is quite uncommon, especially for inexperienced home gardeners. Yet, it’s becoming more popular due to its benefits.

What is biochar used for? Biochar is an organic material that improves plant growth by enhancing soil quality. Adding biochar to your soil will neutralize acidity, improve the soil’s ability to retain nutrients, and increase drainage and aeration. Though results will not be immediate, over time the soil will improve.

Different types of biochar have been deposited in our earth over centuries, and adding it to your home garden will help improve the soil quality with time.

This article will answer all your questions regarding how biochar is made, how to use it, and all its advantages and disadvantages. So, let’s dive in.

Biochar is a broad term that refers to all the lightweight black residue that remains after the pyrolysis (high heating without oxygen) of organic matter like wood, wood residue, crops, and household waste.

This substance is made of more than 80% carbon and can be stable in soil for thousands of years.

Black earth found in the Amazon basin is an example of biochar.

The indigenous people of the region tried to improve the soil quality by adding charred or burned organic material, eventually improving the overall quality of the soil.

Biochar occurs when the organic matter is carbonized in an oxygen-free environment at very high temperatures.

As a result, the water, oils, and gases are released, and the waste product or the carbon structure remains, forming the biochar.

The substance forms pockets where moisture and bacteria are kept, enriching the soil and improving its traits.

Different types of organic matter can be pyrolyzed to produce various types of biochar with different qualities.

Biochar types depend on the biomass from which it’s made. This includes various kinds of feedstocks like rice husks, corn straw, hardwood scrap, paper items, animal manure, and household green waste.

The source of the organic matter of biochar will affect its properties because its action depends on its chemical and physical characteristics.

The following table shows different types of biochar and how they behave.

Biochar and charcoal are both made of carbon, but other than that, there are no similarities between the two substances.

Biochar is produced by modern pyrolysis methods at temperatures that can be as high as 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit.

It’s made of different types of biomass feedstock and is mainly used to improve soil quality and provide plants with the needed nutrients.

Charcoal is made of plant and wood material at much lower temperatures. Therefore, it has a lower porosity than biochar and is mainly used for heating.

Biochar increases the soil’s carbon content and can also improve animal health when added to feed.

Charcoal is used in cooking and heating applications, and the activated form of charcoal can be used to filter water.

Unfortunately, charcoal contains ash, which actually harms the soil and degrades faster than biochar. As a result, it can’t replace biochar in gardening applications.

Thousands of years ago, the Amazonians discovered the benefits of biochar when they used to burn and bury their organic and agricultural waste.

Today, using modern science, we can still reap these benefits. Here are some of the benefits of biochar:

Despite all the benefits of biochar, it has some drawbacks that you need to be aware of if you decide to use it in your garden.

The application of biochar nourishes the soil in different ways. First, as an additive, biochar can neutralize the soil, making it more suitable for plant growth, even if it’s naturally too acidic.

This means that adding biochar allows you to grow plants where they wouldn’t grow naturally.

It also improves water and nutrient retention in sandy soils, which are less productive than other types of soil. Biochar enhances soil aeration in clay soil, which can be too compact.

Generally speaking, biochar increases soil fertility and improves its quality. As a result, it has a positive impact on plant growth.

Growing plants in the soil after adding biochar will lead to a better crop yield. Barren soil can support plant growth, and the biochar’s effect can last for years.

Biochar also reduces the need for water and fertilizer, as it helps retain them in the soil. In addition, it reduces nutrient leach, so the soil will support better plant growth.

Biochar is an organic material with high surface area and porosity.

It’s potent in treating several problems in the soil like increased acidity, poor aeration, and frequent need for fertilizers, and it doesn’t contain any chemicals.

As a result, biochar is safe to use in organic farming setups. It’s also sustainable and presents an eco-friendly method of getting rid of waste.

Biochar is a soil amendment that improves soil quality and plant growth because it helps retain water and nutrients. However, it doesn’t add nutrients to the soil, unlike a fertilizer.

Mixing fertilizers with biochar leads to the best results, as biochar reduces the need for the frequent addition of nutrients.

By increasing soil fertility, biochar has positive effects on farming. It can increase the size of land available for agriculture by nourishing depleted soil. It also improves the crop yield of low-quality soil.

Moreover, biochar absorbs heavy metals from the soil. The plants can absorb these heavy metals, and they affect their nutritional value and quality.

Clay soil is made of small particles that tend to stick together and doesn’t contain a lot of nutrients or organic matter because of the tiny spaces between the particles.

Adding biochar to clay soil can help it in different ways.

Biochar improves the water and nutrient retention in clay soil, so you can grow plants without adding fertilizers too frequently. It can also improve water aeration and drainage.

Commercially, biochar is produced in big ovens that heat biomass up to very high temperatures. However, as a home gardener, you can follow these steps to prepare biochar at home.

Activating or charging biochar refers to the process of mixing it with the necessary nutrients and microbes to make it beneficial to the soil.

Adding it to the soil without charging it will result in the biochar stealing nutrients from your plants and soil first before it can release them back.

Biochar is like a sponge that absorbs nutrients, so you can activate it by soaking it into liquid compost at a ratio of 50%.

You can also add sugar to this compost tea to make it more efficient.

If you don’t want to use compost, you can soak biochar in a liquid seaweed feed. You can also mix biochar at a ratio of 10% to finished compost, but this activation process takes more time.

One quart of biochar is enough to nourish a square foot of soil. When mixed with compost, you can add biochar at a ratio of 10%, but you can add up to 20% when you combine it with animal manure.

Biochar takes between three to six months to show its effects in the soil, so the best time to apply it would be in autumn and winter before getting ready to plant in spring.

There are several ways to add biochar to the soil.

Biochar can last in the soil between 1,000 and 10,000 years because of its high stability.

Adding biochar improves the soil quality and results in better crop yield. It’s a potent way of preserving nutrients in the soil, and its effects last for thousands of years.

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Full article: Fruit quality and marketability of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) as …

1 July, 2022

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Biochar, a potential hydroponic growth substrate, enhances the nutritional status … – Academia.edu

1 July, 2022

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Preparation, characterization of fish scales biochar and their applications in the removal of …

1 July, 2022

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Airport, fire district join Truckee in biomass study | SierraSun.com

1 July, 2022

jscacco@sierrasun.com

TRUCKEE, Calif. — A regional biomass facility in Truckee is a step closer to reality following approval of a feasibility study by the Truckee Fire Protection District Board of Directors and Truckee Tahoe Airport District Board of Directors.

Truckee Fire approved going forward with the project, which will cost $120,000 for a pair of studies, at its June 21 board of directors meeting; while the airport district board unanimously approved moving forward with the studies at its meeting the following day. The Town of Truckee, the airport district, and Truckee Fire will split the cost of the studies, which is estimated to be roughly $90,000 to determine which type facility is the best option, and another $30,000 to complete marketability study on biochar and whether it is a cost-effective revenue stream.

Biochar is a lightweight black residue made of carbon and ashes, and is used in a range of purposes including soil amendment, water and air filtration, construction material additive, and more.

Wildephor Consulting Services, LLC, is being contracted to complete the study. In August, the airport district, Truckee Fire Protection District, and Truckee entered into an agreement with Wildephor Consulting to complete a scoping study. The three partner agencies, which revealed Truckee generates 25,000 cubic yards of green waste annually. Additionally, the tipping fee for Tahoe Truckee Sierra Disposal at Eastern Regional Landfill has more than doubled since 2018. Green waste is also projected to increase by three times in the coming years due to Measure T, which is a parcel tax that is expected to generate roughly $3.7 million per year for wildfire mitigation and prevention programs.

Defensible space programs are expected to generate 1,600 bone dry tons of green waste per year, according to Wildephor Consulting’s report. Truckee Fire is estimated to generate two thirds of the towns green waste through its defensible space and forest treatment programs. Of that amount, Wildephor said about half the material could be used as a fuel source.
In its second phase of scoping, Wildephor found two potential options for Truckee — biomass gasification power and combined heat and biochar system.

Biomass gasification is a process where green waste feedstock is heated in an oxygen-limited environment in order to prevent combustion, creating a hydrocarbon-rich synthesis gas that can be combusted in a gas turbine or chemically converted to a liquid or gas biofuel. The system, which would likely be constructed on airport land, could potentially provide power to the airport, town hall, fire station, and police department during main grid outages.

A combined heat and biochar system converts biomass feedstocks into heat, creating biochar and generating relatively small amount of electricity. The largest source of revenue for this option would be from biochar sales, and a marketability study on biochar would need to be completed in order to determine if a combined heat and biochar system is cost-effective for the town and its partners.

Truckee Tahoe Airport Board Member Mary Hetherington expressed concern over emissions, potential smoke at the airport, storing of green waste, permitting costs, and startup and shutdown frequency at the plant.

“I support it because I think this is an interesting idea … but I want those things addressed in your study,” said Hetherington before making a motion to approve of going ahead with the project.

With the three partner agencies on board, Wildephor Consulting Principal David Featherman indicated the earliest a plant would begin operating is late 2024.

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Biochar Market : Business Analysis, Revenue, Prominent Players and Forecast to 2031

1 July, 2022

Biochar Market: Introduction

Transparency Market Research delivers key insights on the global biochar market. In terms of revenue, the biochar market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 15.35% during the forecast period, owing to numerous factors regarding which TMR offers thorough insights and forecasts in its report on the biochar market.

Environmental benefits and advantages associated with biochar are creating lucrative opportunities for the biochar market across the globe. The demand for electricity is expected to continue to rise across the globe during the forecast period. The world is focusing on renewable energy, such as biomass, to cater to the high demand for electricity. Renewable power generation increased by an approximately 7.4% in 2019, highest as compared to last five years. Production of renewable electricity stood at 2537 GW in 2019.

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Biochar Market: Dynamics

Soil degradation is a major concern in the agriculture sector across the globe. Significant investments and technological advancements have been made for the development of innovative solutions in order to enhance soil quality. Biochar is a highly attractive solution, as it offers various features. It enhances soil structure, increases water retention and aggregation, decreases acidity, reduces nitrous oxide emissions, improves microbial properties, regulates nitrogen leaching, and improves porosity.

Biochar is also found to be beneficial for composting, since it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and prevents the loss of nutrients in the compost material. It also promotes microbial activity. This accelerates the composting process. These features of biochar are expected to boost its demand during the forecast period.

The lack of awareness about the application of biochar is a significant factor hampering the biochar market. Biochar is still considered as charcoal, which carries risks in terms of environment pollution. Consumers have to be made aware about the potential of biochar as well as its wide applications.

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Technological limitation is a major constraint associated with the production as well as application of biochar. Research and development are currently under progress to check the feasibility of the best technology to achieve maximum productivity at less cost. Thus, lack of awareness and technological limitations are expected to restrain the biochar market during the forecast period.

Biochar Market: Prominent Regions

In terms of value, Asia Pacific is projected to account for a major share of the global biochar market during the forecast period. This can be ascribed to the rise in the demand for biochar in applications such as agriculture, forestry, electricity generation, and others. Increase in demand for biochar in end-use industries, rise in usage of biochar as feedstock, growth in organic farming, and surge in usage in waste management materials are driving the biochar market in Asia Pacific.

The rapid growth of the biochar market in Europe can be ascribed to strong government initiatives and regulatory policies. Countries such the U.K., Switzerland, and Australia hold high share of the biochar market in Europe. This trend is expected to continue during the forecast period. The biochar market in Europe is anticipated to expand at a rapid pace during the forecast period, as the region is an emerging market for applications such as animal husbandry.

North America is a one of the key regions of the global biochar market. The U.S. held a large share of the biochar market in North America in 2020. The growth of the market in the country can be ascribed to soil remediation and rising demand for organic food. The biochar market in the U.S. is anticipated to expand at a rapid pace during the forecast period.

The biochar market in Latin America is expanding due to increase in electricity generation from biomass and organic farming. The biochar market is anticipated to expand at a significant pace in the region, owing to the rise in the demand for waste management in biomass and biofuel sectors. Brazil is predicted to be a lucrative country of the biochar market in the near future.

Biochar Market: Key Players

Key players operating in the global biochar market are Genesis Industries, Black Owl Biochar, Biochar Now, Airex Énergie Inc., Phoenix Energy, American BioChar, Bioforcetech Corporation, ECOERA, PYROPOWER, and ETIA S.A.S.

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Biochar Market: Segmentation

Biochar Market, by Feedstock

Biochar Market, by Technology

Biochar Market, by Application

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Biochar Amendments Facilitate Methane Production by Regulating the Abundances of … – Figshare

1 July, 2022

The application of biochar in conjunction with fertilizer in agricultural production is one of the most promising types of management to improve soil quality. However, the effects on the soil microbial community and methane (CH₄) emissions from the interactive mechanisms of biochar combined with fertilizer are unclear. In this study, soil column trial was conducted to monitor the surface water nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CH₄ emission dynamics during the process of leaching. Additionally, bacterial and archaeal communities of the soil (0-10 cm) amended with biochar derived from different pyrolysis temperatures (300°C, 500°C, and 700°C) were also analyzed. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the soil archaeal and bacterial community diversities increased under the biochar amendments. The CH₄ emission flux of all the treatments in the whole leaching period ranged from 0.0001 to 2.04 μg m^-2 h^-1, and the DOC ranged from 1.86 to 24.4 mg L^-1. Our results showed that biochar amendments significantly increase the soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), and DOC contents, while inhibiting the loss of NO3− N during leaching. In addition, biochar addition increased the paddy soil CH₄ emissions, which ascribed to the increasing ratio of the abundances of methanogens to methanotrophs. Consequently, the higher CH₄ emissions were probably caused by the stimulation of methanogenic archaea under the biochar amendments. Thus, the results obtained in this study can be applied to guide the application of biochar on greenhouse gas emissions in paddy soil.

Biochar Market Review and Global Outlook by 8 Companies Biokol, Biomass Controls, LLC …

1 July, 2022

The global Biochar Market research report gives a comprehensive analysis of market size, market trends, and market growth prospects. This report also provides extensive information on the technology expenditure for the forecast period, which gives a unique view of the global Biochar Market across multiple segments. The global Biochar market report also helps consumers recognize market opportunities and challenges. This report includes the most current Biochar market forecast research over the expected period. The global Biochar market report provides extensive information on technological developments and market growth prospects based on regional landscapes. The Biochar Market Report is also designed using advanced methodologies and includes a detailed analysis of the Biochar marketplace’s sales and providers.

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Leading players of Biochar Market including:

Biokol, Biomass Controls, LLC, Carbon Industries Pvt Ltd., Charcoal House, Anaerob Systems, Algae AquaCulture Technologies, CECEP Golden Mountain Agricultural Science And Technology, EarthSpring Biochar/Biochar Central, Energy Management Concept, 3R Environmental Technology Group and Renargi

In addition to this, the report by Adroit Market Research has been designed through the complete surveys, primary research interviews, as well as observations, and secondary research. Moreover, the Biochar market report introduced the market through several factors such as classifications, definitions, market overview, product specifications, cost structures, manufacturing processes, raw materials, and applications. Moreover, the study offers a complete analysis of the market size, segmentation, and market share. Additionally, the Biochar report contains market dynamics such as market restraints, growth drivers, opportunities, service providers, stakeholders, investors, key market players, profile assessment, and challenges of the global market.

Further to this, the Biochar market report by Adroit Market Research holistically touches upon well-orchestrated data sources and insightful factors about multiple manufacturers and market honchos working extensively in the Biochar market. This report also entails supply chain nuances, financial data analysis, products & services records, core developments, as well as elaborate description on acquisitions & mergers, current & future growth probabilities trends, as well as advances, inclusive of technological sophistication, that carefully craft market players’ footprint in the global Biochar market.

The market segmentation information in the research report is a combination of primary and secondary research methods. The report includes both a quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of target market evaluations over the forecasted period to show the economic potential of the global target market. The global Biochar industry is covered in this report, which includes current and prospective market trends. This will help to determine the potential market investment for the Biochar industry. The research report also includes an industry analysis and forecasts for the registered forecast period. In addition, the Biochar Market Study provides comprehensive data about the opportunities, key driver, and restraining factor with the contact analysis.

Biochar market Segmentation by Type:

by Technology (Pyrolysis, Gasification and Others)

Biochar market Segmentation by Application:

by Application (Agriculture and Others)

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– The Biochar global market report provides a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis that will provide insight into the industry.
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Table of Content:

Chapter 1. Research Objective
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
Chapter 3. Strategic Analysis
Chapter 4. Biochar Market Dynamics
Chapter 5. Segmentation & Statistics
Chapter 6. Market Use case studies
Chapter 7. KOL Recommendations
Chapter 8. Investment Landscape
Chapter 9. Competitive Intelligence
Chapter 10. Company Profiles
Chapter 11. Appendix
Continued…

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Fermentation devices for Microbial Activators production and Biochar kilns to obtain added …

2 July, 2022

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Biochar modification with hematite and goethite as efficient persulfate activation catalysts for …

2 July, 2022

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biochar burning VN – Granite Geek – Concord Monitor

2 July, 2022

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Several Cities Will Make the Soil Additive Biochar to Help the Climate – Reddit

2 July, 2022

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Ag-Biochar Composite for Sono-Adsorption of Phenol

2 July, 2022

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Cool Planet, Biochar Supreme, NextChar, Terra Char, Genesis Industries, Interra Energy

2 July, 2022

The Global Biochar Market 2022 research report contains in-depth information about various factors influencing growth. It delivered an analysis of key trends in each segment and sub-segment of the global Biochar market. At the same time, It also produce forecasts at the country, state, and regional level for the forecast period (2022-2030). Our report has been categorized into various segments on the basis of product type, distribution channels, and end users.

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Our team of highly skilled analysts have included exclusive chapters in this global Biochar market research report to offer elaborate information about the current and future industry scenario. We have covered all the crucial aspects of the market to prepare this report. The information ranges from micro details of the industry to macro overview of the Biochar market. Furthermore, the report highlights details about value chain analysis, recent trends, Porters five forces analysis, SWOT analysis, restraints, and drivers. The report is considered to be a must read for business strategists, consultants, researchers, investors, and entrepreneurs. Those who have any type of stake or are thinking of entering into the global Biochar market would be able to get access to details about major investment pockets.

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2 July, 2022

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Earthly Biochar's Lottie Hawkins selected as a Young Innovators Next Steps Awardee

2 July, 2022

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The founder of a leading biochar start-up in the UK, has been selected as a Young Innovators Next Steps Awardee. Lottie Hawkins, 26 from Appledore founded Earthly Biochar. She is one of 19 entrepreneurs across the country being given a boost for their early-stage businesses by Innovate UK. Lottie, who had previously won the Young Innovators Award, has now been awarded a second time due to the progress and growth projections of her business.

An innovative start-up on a mission to tackle excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, Earthly Biochar produces biochar – a stable form of carbon, soil improver and a method of carbon capture. Lottie said: “Being selected for the progress we’ve made and our growth projections, along with receiving support and a grant to continue developing our business model is amazing news. We want everyone to discover the power of biochar and the support from Innovate UK will help us to achieve this.”

Lottie, along with other awardees will receive a £50,000 grant, this will be used to fund research and development into novel biochar products. Innovate UK has awarded almost £1 million with the aim to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation among young people, accelerating their business growth to deliver an even bigger impact and advancement for society. The goal of the awards is to champion innovations for the unrepresented and to provide a platform for trail-blazing ideas, making a societal, economic, and environmental impact.

Science Minister, George Freeman had this message for the winners: “Congratulations to all the winners of Innovate UK’s Young Innovators Next Steps Awards. To unlock our potential as an innovation nation we need to inspire a new generation of young entrepreneurs to bring their ambition and innovation to create new opportunities, businesses and jobs across the whole country. The ideas of these young innovators are already helping us address some urgent challenges.”

With plans to scale biochar production in the UK, Earthly Biochar is turning waste biomass into biochar. In the process of creating the biochar, carbon which otherwise would have been released into the atmosphere, is captured and stored. When applied to soils, biochar can also improve soil health, crop yields, and resource efficiency. Earthly Biochar uses ‘waste’ resources to make this affordable, effective soil conditioner, which also helps mitigate climate change. It has also developed a biochar kiln for gardeners to make biochar at home.

“The planet has a finite number of resources,” Lottie continues, “yet they are being depleted at a rate of 1.5 earths per year. That means 50 per cent of next year's resource budget is used up each year. This is the definition of unsustainable.

“Tackling this problem is a shared responsibility. People across the UK are starting to take steps to make positive change, from corporations down to consumers. Earthly Biochar is all about making it easier for everyone from horticultural industries down to gardening enthusiasts to play their part, and support from organisations like Innovate UK is crucial for helping us achieve this mission.”

Agroenvironmental Performances of Biochar Application in the Mineral and Organic …

2 July, 2022

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Biochar Alone Did Not Increase Microbial Activity in Soils from a Temperate Climate That …

2 July, 2022

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Eco-friendly approach to improve traits of winter wheat by combining cold plasma treatments …

2 July, 2022

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This study aims to improve the quality and quantity of winter wheat by using the potential of combining the use of cold plasma and waste biorefinery products for improving wheat yield. Plasma was applied by a radio frequency (RF) plasma reactor operated with air for 180 s and 50 W. The waste biorefinery products, including pyroligneous acid, biochar, and azolla compost, were used as plant nutrition. The effects of cold plasma treatment and waste biorefinery products were determined by measuring plant photosynthesis, grain yield, and content of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin, protein, and starch. The experiment was conducted during the cropping seasons 2016−18 in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The combination of cold plasma and pyroligneous acid increased the grain yield up to 40.0%. The photosynthesis rate was improved up to 39.3%, and total chlorophyll content up to 48.3% in both years. Seed plasma treatment combined with biochar application increased the starch content by 36.8%. Adding azolla compost increased the protein content by 35.4%. Using seed plasma treatment with biochar increased the microbial biomass carbon by 16.0%. The application of plasma and azolla compost increased the microbial biomass nitrogen by 29.0%.

Climate change and population growth require an increase in agricultural production per unit area, and healthy crops and food safety play an essential role in the human health community¹. Although the excessive application of chemicals in agriculture may increase the yield per unit area, it could cause problems concerning the quality and safety of agricultural products². According to Balfour (2006), “the human physiological well-being and spiritual has roots in the soil,” and also, “you are what you eat”, indeed refers to the relationship between dietary composition and human physiology³. Therefore, in a sustainable agricultural system, besides yield, proper nutrient cycling management and long-term soil fertility should be taken into consideration⁴.

Recently, atmospheric-pressure cold plasma has been considered as a novel technique to improve grain yield and seed germination^5,6. Plasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir as an ionized gas containing different oxygen radicals, charged particles, ions, and UV light^7,8. Hempedu Bumi (Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees) seeds, treated with a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) at 5950 V for 10 s, had faster germination and seedling emergence because of water uptake improvement⁹. Treatment of tomato seeds with a DBD reactor increased the tomato yield. The bloom times, the height, the caulis, the extent of the plants, and the average weight, length, and diameter of each fruit in seven treatment groups from 4760 to 6800 V were increased distinctly¹⁰.

Exposing safflower seeds to low-pressure radio frequency (RF) 20 W argon gas discharge under two different constant pressures (1.6 and 16 Pa) improved the seed germination by 50.0%⁶. Treating soybean seeds with 80 W of low-pressure RF plasma at 15 s increased the germination and vigor indices by 14.7% and 63.3%, respectively¹¹. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds treated with a plasma produced by DBD at 7.96 kV improved germination by 56.00%¹². Cold plasma treatment affects physiological processes in plants, resulting in the promotion of seed germination and seedling growth^11,13, increasing photosynthesis rate^14,15,16, carbon and nitrogen metabolism^8,17.

Waste biorefinery is an eco-friendly solution to produce fertilizers, fuels, and value-added products¹⁸. Waste biorefinery fertilizers have shown to increase the number of microorganisms in the soil², which are essential in the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and the bio-degradation of environmental contaminants^19,20,21. Also, soil microbial biomass is essential for soil fertility²².

The microbial biomass in the soil is affected by several factors, particularly by the content of soil organic matter^23,24. Pyroligneous acid (PA) is a waste bio-refinery product. It is a brown-colored liquid produced through gas condensation from burning waste plants and wood under limited oxygen conditions²⁵. Pyroligneous acid contains over 200 chemical components, including acetic acid, hydroxy aldehydes, hydroxyl ketones, sugars, carboxylic acid, and phenolic acid^26,27. Pyroligneous acid is an excellent source of organic ingredients²⁸, which is non-toxic for humans, animals, plants, and the environment^29,30. Pyroligneous acid has been used in traditional Japanese agriculture for more than 400 years³¹ to improve the quantity and quality of some agricultural products such as Oryza sativa L. (rice), Ipomoea batatas L. (sweet potato), Saccharum officinarum L. (sugarcane), and Cucumis melo L. (melon)^32,33,34.

Biochar is a substance produced by a pyrolysis process at a low carbonization temperature (350–700 °C) under conditions of complete or partial anoxia. The carbon content of biochar is high, and its chemical properties are stable³⁵. Adding biochar to the soil can counteract global climate change by sequestering carbon into the soil³⁶. Many studies have investigated the positive influence of biochar. Biochar improves soil fertility, soil structure, texture, particle size distribution, and ultimately, plant growth³⁷. Biochar application at a rate of 15 and 20 t ha⁻¹ has significantly increased wheat and maize grain yield ^38,39.

Azolla (Azolla filiculoides Lam.) is considered an invasive plant in wetlands, freshwater lakes, and ditches. It has the possibility to fix atmospheric nitrogen with asymbiotic cyanobacteria (i.e., Anabaena azollae)⁴⁰. Azolla is suitable as compost due to its high nitrogen content that can enhance crop productivity^41,42,43. Azolla compost is a natural fertilizer and can be mixed with rice straw⁴⁴. It is a nitrogen source for plant nutrition, increasing plant yield⁴⁵.

We aimed to increase the quality and quantity of winter wheat by treating the seeds with cold plasma before sowing and sowing the seeds in soil with added biorefinery waste products and azolla compost. Furthermore, we studied how these waste products affected the chemical and biological properties of the soil.

The research was carried out in a research field at the Agricultural Research Station of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (35°41′ N, 51°10′ E, 1265 m above sea level) on sandy-loam soil during October 2016 and 2017. The area is semi-arid (according to the Köppen climate classification)⁴⁶ characterized by warm and dry summers, long-term (30 years) mean annual rainfall of 232.6 mm, and a mean temperature of 17.6 °C, respectively. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replications in two cropping seasons. The wheat was a landrace (Pishgam) from the central plateau of Iran. On 9 October 2016 and 9 October 2017, 140 kg ha⁻¹ seeds were sown. Textures and soil elements were determined before sowing. The field was fertilized with nitrogen (150 kg ha⁻¹), phosphorous (180 kg ha⁻¹), and potassium (120 kg ha⁻¹). Wheat seeds were sown manually at a depth of two inches in each plot. The area of the field was 1114 m². Each plot was five meter wide and six meter long, including 20 rows. Row distance was 25 cm (400 plants ha⁻¹).

Treatments included 1) seed priming by cold plasma, 2) soil application with pyroligneous acid, 3) a combination of cold plasma treatment and pyroligneous acid application, 4) biochar application, 5) a combination of cold plasma treatment and biochar application, 6) azolla compost application, and 7) a combination of cold plasma treatment and azolla compost application. Cold plasma treatment of seeds lasted 180 s. Pyroligneous acid (0.04 L m⁻²), biochar (0.5 kg m⁻²), and azolla compost (0.7 kg m⁻²) were incorporated into the soil before planting. Untreated seeds and soil were used as control.

Seed priming with plasma was applied using a radio frequency (RF) plasma reactor (manufactured by H.G and M.S, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran) operated with air adjusted to 13.56 MHz, 50 W for 180 s. The vacuum chamber was made of a cylindrical Pyrex tube with an inner diameter of 80 mm and 300 mm. A metallic mesh grounded the outside of the Pyrex tube. The aluminum power electrode was fixed at the center of the cylinder (50 mm in width and 100 mm in length). The sample was placed under the Pyrex tube. The gap between the power electrode and the sample was 40 mm (Fig. 1). The seeds were exposed to a plasma flow for 180 s before sowing. The optical spectra was measured with an Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) Model HR2000 + ES with a wavelength range of 190 nm‒1.1 μm and an optical resolution of 0.9 nm (Ocean Insight Company, 3500 Quadrangle Blvd, Orlando, FL 32,817, USA).

Process of treating wheat seeds by the RF plasma device.

Figure 2 shows the optical spectra as a result of the RF plasma treatment. The main peaks are monitored in a range of 450−650 nm in the spectra, consisting of CO and hydrogen species. CO emission lines occur at 451.0, 483.5, 519.5, 561.0, and 607.9 nm, and an H emission line at 656.3 nm may represent products of the seed surface erosion process.

Optical spectra emitted from RF plasma for powers 50 W.

pyroligneous acid and biochar were produced by the carbonization process of lemon waste wood collected from the subtropical Mazandaran Province. At the beginning of the process, dry woods were placed in the closed furnace avoiding oxygen supply and heated to 350−700 °C. During the burning, the smoke from the wood went through a condenser and condensed to liquid (as pyroligneous acid). The solid part was obtained at 400 °C as biochar.

Samples were taken from the middle of the plots to avoid border effects influencing the estimation of the grain yield and yield components. Photosynthesis (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹), intercellular CO₂ concentration, and stomatal conductance (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) were measured on the flag leaf 14 days after pollination by using a photosynthesis meter (model LI-COR 6400XT Version 6, Company, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). Samples from green leaves in the middle of the canopy were taken fourteen days after the flowering stage to analyze the photosynthetic pigments.

The content of chlorophyll and carotenoids was measured according to the method described by Krizek et al.^47,48. Fourteen days after the flowering stage, four fresh leaf samples (0.2 g) were prepared. The samples were extracted in 10 ml 80% acetone solution and centrifuged for 10 min at 1600 rpm. The absorption spectra were measured at 663, 645, and 470 nm with a spectrophotometer (Model Perkin Elmer 3110, Granite Quarry, NC, USA).

We extracted 0.2 g fresh leaves in 15 ml glass centrifuge tubes containing 10 ml of acidified methanol (methanol: HCl, 99:1, vol: vol) and kept the tubes in the dark overnight. The absorbance was measured at 550 nm. The anthocyanin concentration was calculated using an extinction coefficient of 33,000 mol⁻¹ cm⁻¹⁴⁸.

Kjeldahl method was used to measure protein content⁴⁹. Approximately 1 g of raw material was hydrolyzed with 15 ml concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) containing two copper catalyst tablets in a heat block (Kjeltec system 2020 digestor, Tecator Inc. Herndon, VA, USA) at 420℃ for two hours. After cooling, H₂O was added before neutralization and titration. The amount of total nitrogen in the raw materials was multiplied with both the traditional conversion factor of 6.25 and the species-specific conversion factors to determine the total protein content.

The starch content was estimated as described by McCleary et al. (1994)⁵⁰ using the megazyme total starch analysis (AA/AMG) procedure. First, 100 mg grain was milled in an UDY cyclone mill to pass through a 0.5 mm screen, wetted with 0.2 ml ethanol, and treated with thermostable α-amylase (AA) to partially hydrolyze the starch. After completely dissolving the starch, dextrin was quantitatively hydrolyzed to glucose by amyloglucosidase (AMG). The starch content was estimated based on the glucose measurements.

Microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and nitrogen (N_mic) were determined by the chloroform fumigation–extraction method⁵¹. C_mic was measured by using a 15 g oven-dry equivalent of the field-moist soil sample, and the C content was extracted using the chloroform-fumigation-extraction method (FE) described by Vance et al. (1987)⁵². The concentration of C_org in the extractant was determined by a carbon analyzer (SHI-MADZU Model TOC-5050, Milton Freewater, Oregon, USA) after acidification with one drop of 2 M HCl to remove any dissolved carbonate. Carbon biomass was calculated as follows: C_mic = EC/K_EC where EC = (organic C extracted from fumigated soil)—(organic C extracted from non-fumigated soil) and K_EC = 0.45, which is the proportionality factor to convert EC to C_mic⁵³.

Microbial biomass nitrogen (N_mic) was determined from the total nitrogen (N_total) released during fumigation–extraction⁵⁴. Soil N_mic was determined by the chloroform-fumigation-incubation method (FI) as described by Horwath and Paul (1994)⁵¹ using a 15 g oven-dry equivalent of the field-moist soil sample after adjusting the moisture content to 55% of the water-holding capacity (WHC). Samples were conditioned for seven days at 25℃. The NH₄⁺-N in the extracts was determined in 20 ml aliquots by steam distillation⁵⁵. Biomass N was calculated using the equation: N_mic = EN/k_IN Where E_N = (flush of NH₄⁺-N due to fumigation)–(NH₄⁺-N produced in the non-fumigated soil during ten days incubation) and k_IN = 0.57, which is the proportionality factor to convert EN to N_mic⁵⁶. The C_mic and N_mic values were determined on the < 2 mm mesh field-moist samples. All results reported are averages of duplicated analyses and are expressed on a moisture-free basis. Moisture was determined after drying at 105 °C for 48 h.

Years were analyzed separately because Bartlett’s test was significant for most traits measured. The effect of treatments was determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (Version 9.2) (SAS, 2002) software⁵⁷. The assumptions of variance analysis were tested by ensuring that the residuals were random, homogenous, with a normal distribution about/above a mean of zero. LSD test at the 0.01 probability level was used to check significant differences between means.

By examining plasma light emission spectroscopy with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images of the sample surface, it has been shown how plasma treatment can increase seed growth components. Atomic Force Microscopy image was taken from two samples of wheat treated with air plasma at 50 W for 180 s. Atomic force microscope images showed the roughness and morphology of the seed surface of the two wheat seed samples (Fig. 3). The figure on the left shows the control sample. No carvings were observed on the seed surface of the control sample (Fig. 3). Figure 4 shows Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of two wheat seed samples. The figure on the left shows a sample of a 50 W 180 s air plasma treatment. The bombardment of ions and free radicals in plasma is well seen on the sample surface, which has resulted in seed hydrophilicity. However, an excessive bombardment of the seed and rising temperature may cause the sample to die, which was reflected in the seed germination percentage.

Atomic force microscope (AFM) images of seed surface at 10 µm. (A) control (without plasma treatment). (B) seed surface after receiving 180 s, 50 W plasma treatment. The images was

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seed surface at 10 µm. (A) control (without plasma treatment). (B) seed surface after receiving 180 s, 50 W plasma treatment. The images were

The plasma treatment effectively removed a thin layer of the seed lipid coat by reducing the bio-polymeric chains’ length and the average molecular weight on the seed surface (Figs. 3 and 4). Table 1 shows that years (Y) and treatments (T) significantly affected the biochemical content in the wheat grains at a 1% level. There was also a significant interaction effect (Y*T). In both years, the combination of plasma treatment with azolla compost and pyroligneous acid treatments significantly increased the anthocyanin content in the leaves compared with the control. The highest anthocyanin content was obtained when the plasma treatment was combined with azolla compost. This treatment increased the anthocyanin by 39.9% compared with the control (Table 2).

In the second year, the combination of plasma treatment and azolla compost, biochar, and pyroligneous acid significantly increased the carotenoid content compared with control. In both years, the combination of plasma treatment and azolla compost increased the carotenoid content most (Table 2).

In both years, cold plasma treatment combined with azolla compost application significantly increased the grain protein by 35.0% compared with the control (Fig. 5). In the second year, plasma treatment combined with azolla compost, and plasma treatment combined with pyroligneous acid significantly increased the amount of grain protein.

Mean comparison of effect of application of plasma, pyroligneous acid, azolla compost and biochar on grain protein of wheat.

The combination of plasma and pyroligneous acid significantly increased the total chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate in both years (Table 2). There was a significant difference between years at a 1% level in intercellular CO₂ concentration and stomatal conductance. In addition, there was a significant difference between treatments and interaction between treatments and years on mesophyll conductance and stomatal conductance of wheat at a 1% level (Table 3).

The combination of plasma and pyroligneous acid and azolla compost increased the intercellular CO₂ concentration in the first year (Table 4). The highest intercellular CO₂ concentration was observed in both years when plasma and pyroligneous acid treatments were combined (Table 4).

There was a significant difference between years and interaction between years and treatments at a 1% level according to LSD test for wheat grain yield (Table 5). In both years, however, their combination of plasma and pyroligneous acid and azolla compost increased the grain yield (Fig. 6). The highest grain yield was observed when plasma and pyroligneous acid were combined.

Mean comparison of effect of application of plasma, pyroligneous acid, azolla compost and biochar on grain yield of wheat.

In 2017, cold plasma combined with pyroligneous acid and cold plasma combined with azolla compost and pyroligneous acid significantly increased stomatal conductance (Table 4). In both years, the maximum stomatal conductance (38.0% increase) was obtained in the pyroligneous acid application (Table 4).

The plasma treatment and plasma treatment combined with pyroligneous acid significantly increased the mesophyll conductance in the first year. In the second year, biochar and pyroligneous acid treatments significantly increased the mesophyll conductance (Table 4).

There was a significant difference between years and treatments at a 1% level according to LSD test for wheat grain starch (Table 5).

Plasma seed priming combined with azolla compost and biochar significantly increased the starch content in both years. The highest amount of starch (36.0% increase) was achieved by combining plasma seed priming with biochar (Fig. 7).

Mean comparison of effect of application of plasma, pyroligneous acid, azolla compost and biochar on starch content of wheat.

The application of pyroligneous acid and the combination of pyroligneous acid and plasma seed priming significantly increased available phosphor, zinc, iron, and calcium in the soil (Table 6). Application of Azolla compost to the soil and the combination of plasma seed priming with azolla compost also significantly increased the amount of nitrogen in the soil. When biochar and plasma seed priming were combined, the amount of organic carbon significantly increased compared with the controls (Table 6).

All treatments where Azolla compost was included significantly increased the microbial biomass carbon content (up to 29.0%) compared with the control (Table 7). Also, the combination of biochar and plasma seed priming significantly increased the microbial biomass carbon (16.0%) (Table 7).

Cold plasma treatment positively affected the physiological and biochemical measured parameters and yield (Tables 2 and 4). A positive effect of cold plasma on photosynthesis rate has been reported previosly^58,59,60. The increasing germination caused by the plasma treatment is probably due to 1) changes in the surface of the seed coat resulting in increasing water and nutrient uptake, 2) changes that occur inside the cell that increases the biochemical activities^14,61. When the plasma treatment enhances water and nutrient uptake, it results in greater seed weight^62,63. This effect of plasma treatment has also been shown for beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)⁶⁴.

Several OH and nitrogen species peaks can also be observed in the 250–400 nm spectral range after plasma treatment. Spectral emissions at 283.4, 309.0, and 312.7 nm indicate the presence of OH species, and a peak at 357.0 nm also corresponds to molecular nitrogen in the RF plasma. Plasma interaction with material surfaces leads to chemical changes on the surface, as a result increasing seed surface hydrophilicity characteristics.

The oxygen gas spectrum, showed two basic peaks, 777.0 nm, and 844.0 nm, which correspond to the first excited state of the oxygen atom (Fig. 2). In low-pressure cold plasma, free electrons’ activation and excitation of molecules occur. For example, in air plasma, which is a combination of nitrogen and oxygen, the following processes also happen:

In other words, chain processes lead to the formation of unstable molecules such as ozone and nitrous oxide. The last reaction results from the quasi-stable-neutral collision of the nitrogen and oxygen molecules. This reaction, together with active compounds such as O, O₂, O₃, and the collision of ions and free radicals with the seed coat, probably has the most significant effect on surface carving and activation⁶⁴.

The chemical interaction of active compounds leads to the formation of hydrophilic chemical bonds on its surface, changing the surface properties from a non-polar state (hydrocarbons and fats) to polar bonds, including oxygen, thus increasing the hydrophilicity of the seed surface. In the 600−4000 cm⁻¹, peaks related to O–H and C−O bands belonging to the functional group of phenols, C−O carbonyl esters, and C−N and N–H functional groups of amines were observed. Therefore, seed hydrophilicity increases on the seed surface by breaking carbon bonds (often due to the presence of lipid on the seed surface) and the penetration of polar agents, including oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are actively present in the plasma.

The combination of pyroligneous acid and cold plasma treatment significantly affected the total chlorophyll, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and net photosynthesis rate of winter wheat compared to the control (Tables 2 and 4). Previous studies have shown the positive effect of pyroligneous acid on accelerating somatic embryogenesis⁶⁵, enhancing seed germination⁶⁶, increasing flowering rate, and root biomass^67,68,69. It has also been shown that pyroligneous acid can increase the growth of roots, stems, tubers, leaves, flowers, and fruits and improves soil fertility⁷⁰.

Pyroligneous acid comprises ester compounds⁷⁰. The esters can increase the chlorophyll content and stimulate the photosynthesis in several plants, increasing the synthesis of carbohydrates and amino acids in plants and, consequently, increasing plant yield and making plants more resistant to pests and diseases^71,72. The biophysical properties of esters include lipid solubility. Transmembrane permeability may be a critical factor in the bioactivity of esters in the plant cells’ physiological processes. The esters provoke stomatal closure in several plant species belonging to Solanaceae, Leguminosae, Brassicaceae, and Gramineae due to increasing CO₂ uptake in plant leaves⁷³. The stomatal aperture regulates CO₂ uptake and water transpiration and influences the plant’s resilience under drought stress condition⁷⁴. Also, the accumulation of various metabolites, such as intermediates of the Calvin cycle, paramylon precursors, and pyruvate, as a substrate for pyruvate: NADP + oxidoreductase, by enhancements in photosynthetic capacity, is one of the key metabolic factors for the role of esters⁷⁵.

Increase in stomatal conductance results in enhancement of the CO₂ uptake, which increases the photosynthesis rate, and the flow of supply materials⁷⁶ for grain performance^77,78. The highest grain yield was achieved by combining cold plasma treatment with the application of pyroligneous acid in both years (Fig. 6).

Pyroligneous acid contains 15 macro and microelements, including calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, manganese, aluminum, sodium, and zinc⁷². It contains more than 200 substances, including organic acid (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, phenol group, carbonyl group, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, ethanol, methanol, acetyl)^79,80. The simultaneous presence of acetic acid and iron and calcium cations creates a complex where the ionic bond replaces the covalent bonds, preventing iron deposition in the soil and leaching other elements⁷². Besides, pyroligneous acid helps enrich the phosphorus, calcium, iron, and potassium contents in the soil (Table 6).

The plasma treatment combined with azolla compost application increased the protein content (Fig. 5). Organic fertilizers such as azolla compost are known as a source of nitrogen. Also, it has been shown that compost increases nitrogen absorption in the plant⁸¹. High nitrogen absorption leads to an increased amount of protein content in the grain of crop⁷². The maximum concentration of anthocyanin in cold plasma treatment and azolla compost seems to be conditioned by the availability of assimilates^82,83. In this way, nitrogen enters the microbial parts to help extend their activity. Compost feedstock can affect the carbon and nitrogen cycling dynamics of the soil⁸⁴. Azolla compost can effectively increase soil organic matter content, resulting in a higher carbon and nitrogen mineralization⁸⁵ and increased microbial biomass⁸⁶. Compost affects the soil fertility gradients by C and N availability and, subsequently, improves soil microbial activity⁸⁷.

Biochar application increased the starch content significantly (Fig. 7). Biochar was obtained by decomposing the forest, residual plants, and manure residues containing essential nutrients elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur⁸⁸. Numerous studies have shown that biochar can significantly increase nutrient uptake, increasing starch content^89,90,91. In addition, biochar also retains soil nutrients and soils cation exchange capacity due to less leaching^92,93,94.

Azolla compost and biochar increased the microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The flexibility of MBC is probably due to microbial death or the release of intracellular substrates⁹⁵. Increasing carbon input (through organic amendment application) can increase the soil organic matter degradation rate⁹⁶ as microbes use labile C to decompose recalcitrant soil organic matter⁹⁷.

Biochar in soil has several direct and indirect influences on soil biota because of changes in several abiotic factors, including soil pH or altered substrate quality as a source of energy⁹⁸. In addition, biochar increases positive changes to soil characteristics of water contents, EC, and pH status; all of these factors, directly and indirectly, affect the activity of life in the soil and, as a result, increase soil microbial activity⁹⁹. Hence, soil microbial activities are related to soil fertility and agricultural productivity¹⁰⁰.

A combination of plasma seed priming and pyroligneous acid application increased the grain yield of the winter wheat. Furthermore, combining seed plasma treatment with biochar and azolla compost application increased the starch and protein content in the harvested grain. The biorefinery products also improved the quality of the soil significantly. The amendments enhanced the soil microbial biomass and improved essential soil factors affecting the root system’s ability to uptake soil water and nutrients. Cold plasma seed priming seems to be a promising technique to improve seed germination performance, plant establishment, growth, and grain yield. This research showed ways to improve crop yield and contribute to preserving the environment by reducing the effects of climate change side-effects by reducing the need for agrochemicals (fertilizers) during the growth cycle and improving soil microbial biomass. By combining cold plasma treatment with pyroligneous acid, biochar, and azolla compost, we improved the soil as a growth medium and the performance of winter wheat significantly, resulting in a higher yield.

M.S. performed experiments. M.S. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. H.G. supervised the work. M.S, H.G., and C.A. improved the manuscript.

Correspondence to Mahin Saberi.

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Received: 19 October 2020

Accepted: 21 June 2022

Published: 02 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15286-4

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Home > Books > Biochar – Productive Technologies, Properties and Application [Working Title]

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The environment is deteriorating rapidly, and it is essential to restore it as soon as possible. Biochar is a carbon-rich pyrolysis result of various organic waste feedstocks that has generated widespread attention due to its wide range of applications for removing pollutants and restoring the environment. Biochar is a recalcitrant, stable organic carbon molecule formed when biomass is heated to temperatures ranging from 300°C to 1000°C under low (ideally zero) oxygen concentrations. The raw organic feedstocks include agricultural waste, forestry waste, sewage sludge, wood chips, manure, and municipal solid waste, etc. Pyrolysis, gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization are the most frequent processes for producing biochar due to their moderate operating conditions. Slow pyrolysis is the most often used method among them. Biochar has been utilised for soil remediation and enhancement, carbon sequestration, organic solid waste composting, water and wastewater decontamination, catalyst and activator, electrode materials, and electrode modification and has significant potential in a range of engineering applications, some of which are still unclear and under investigation due to its highly varied and adjustable surface chemistry. The goal of this chapter is to look into the prospective applications of biochar as a material for environmental remediation.

Biochar (biomass-derived char) is a versatile renewable source and is gaining popularity due to its diverse raw material sources, high porosity, large surface area, surface functional groups, and high treatment efficacy for a variety of contaminants [1]. Biochar is produced from three types of materials (plant residue, sewage sludge, and animal litter) that are pyrolyzed with little or no oxygen (typically below 1000°C) [2]. Biochar production not only deals with waste, but also benefit from waste, for example, pyrolysis of sewage sludge can reduce pollutants and turn it into a valuable resource [3]. Therefore, it is a great way to make biochar out of solid waste. Because of its unique properties, biochar has sparked widespread concern about its potential for use in the environment [4]. As indicated by the increase in the number of published publications regarding biochar in the last 10 years, it has gotten a lot of attention (Figure 1). Biochar’s main technique for removing contaminants and remediating the environment is sorption. And, biochar’s sorption capacity is directly related to its physiochemical features, such as surface area, pore size distribution, functional groups, and cation exchange capacity, which vary depending on the preparation conditions [4]. Like, biochar produced at high temperatures has a larger surface area and carbon content than biochar produced at lower temperatures, due to the rising micro-pore volume caused by the elimination of volatile organic molecules at high temperatures [4]. The yields of biochar, on the other hand, decreases as the temperature goes up [6]. Therefore, in terms of biochar yields and adsorption capacity, an ideal synthesis method is required. To increase its physiochemical characteristics, biochar can further be modified with different chemicals like acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, and ions for various environmental processes [7]. Due to its own properties such as large surface area, recalcitrance, and catalysis, biochar has been widely used in environmental applications such as soil remediation, carbon sequestration, water treatment, and wastewater treatment. In addition, biochar’s application for energy and as an agricultural amendment is not a new concept. Biochar has also found its application in climate change mitigation and as a renewable energy source [8]. Biochar’s use in engineering applications has received far less attention, despite the fact that economic estimates for biochar production for direct agricultural use have been poor for some time [9]. To that aim, a summary of our current understanding of biochar’s potential for use in a variety of environmental remediation applications, as well as emerging obstacles and prospects for biochar usage in environmental remediation, is discussed below.

The number of articles published in recent 10 years. (Source: [5]).

Biochar’s function mostly refers to its ability to uptake (e.g., sorption) other substances. The sorption of biochar can be divided into two categories, chemical sorption and physical sorption. Moreover, in term of biochar’s interaction with other substances, there are three types of interactions: sorption, catalysis, and redox as shown in Figure 2. Sorption is a major environmental process that has a major impact on pollutant biogeochemistry. In sorption, the surface properties of biochar, which includes surface functional groups (carboxyl, carbonyl, phenolic–OH, ester, aliphatic, aromatic, hydroxyl, amino, and azyl groups), surface charges, and free radicals, are important for the behaviour of the interface between biochar and organic and inorganic pollutants, as it provides important sites for sorption and catalytic degradation of pollutants. These functional groups can form hydrogen bonds with other substances, As a result, Biochar can adsorb a variety of pollutants, including organic compounds, metals, nutrients, gases, and microbes [11, 12]. Moreover, the removal of some contaminants are also achieved by partitioning, electrostatic interaction, and pore-filling between biochar and pollutants and depends largely on biochar and pollutant characteristics [5]. Biochar also aids in the transformation of abiotic contaminants through various methods such as free radicals mediated transformation. Free radicals on the surface of biochar can react with chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and persulfate and promote the breakdown of organic pollutants [13]. Apart from that, biochar surfaces contain a variety of catalytic sites, such as quinone and phenolic functional groups, as well as persistent free radicals (PFRs), they enable biochar-mediated pollutants transformation [14]. For example, surface functional groups like quinones, convert sulphide into polysulfides, which accelerates the breakdown of azo dyes by increasing electron transport [14]. PFRs on the surface of biochar have a high reactivity and act as a catalyst in pollutant breakdown [13]. Also, the dissolved fractions in biochar, which are primarily composed of aliphatic and aromatic with quinone-like structures, has been tested and found to enhance the photochemical transformation of many organic pollutants by generating reactive intermediates or reactive oxygen species (ROS) [15]. Surface redox active moieties are the main contributors to the redox of biochar even though there are only a handful of relevant reports in publication so far. The surface redox-active moieties in biochar can directly react with pollutants via non-radical pathways, as well as activate some oxidants to form reactive radicals like OH and SO₄. For example, OH generated from the activation of H₂O₂ in biochar reduces about 20% of p-nitrophenol (PNP); however, about 80% of PNP is degraded by directly interacting with reactive sites, most likely the hydroquinone in biochar. Therefore, biochar not only enhances the degradation or transformation of pollutants by facilitating the transfer of electrons as a catalyst, but it can also directly react with pollutants, which will have a significant influence on the environmental behaviour of contaminant [16]. Apart from that, In terms of element composition, the major elements that make up the matrix of biochar are C, H, O, and N, while other elements like Si, P, and S have varying mass percentages in different biochars and play a special or even major role in sorption of various other specific pollutants. For example the sorption of Pb and Al on biochar is attributed to coprecipitation with P and Si in the biochar as Pb₅ (PO₄)₃ (OH) and KAlSi₃O₈, respectively. An overview of metal ion precipitation and coprecipitation is shown in Figure 2. Ion exchange is another crucial phenomenon in the sorption of some heavy metals by biochar [11]. Furthermore, in biochar, there are two different phases: organic and inorganic. By raising pyrolysis temperatures, which results in increased surface area, pore volume, and aromaticity, sorption mechanisms evolved from partitioning-dominant to adsorption-dominant, and sorption components developed from polar-selective to porosity-selective [4, 17]. Furthermore, due to the movement of the organic components from aliphatic to aromatic, the sorption rate shows a transitional process: from fast to slow, then back to fast. In terms of inorganic components, it was discovered that ash has a catalytic effect on the formation of biochar with more orderly graphitic structures during the pyrolysis process; additionally, deashing after pyrolysis increases hydrophobic sorption sites, favouring the sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants [10]. Therefore, the surface structure, functional groups and surface area and mechanisms of these functional groups are observed in the removal of pollutants.

Biochar remediation mechanisms. (Source: [10]).

Biochar can be used to clean up soil pollution caused by organic contaminants and heavy metals. Soil remediation using biochar is mostly accomplished by sorption and the mechanisms involved are surface complexation, hydrogen binding, electrostatic attractions, acid-base interactions, and π–πinteractions as shown in Figure 3. For example, biochar produced from Carya tomentosa(a tree in the Juglandaceae or walnut family) and Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) (the tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States) can adsorb Clomazone and Bispyribac sodium (herbicides used in agriculture) in soil, and effectively reduce the leaching of clomazone and bispyribac sodium. Similarly, sawdust-derived biochar and wheat straw-derived biochar, on adding to the soil, significant reduces the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [13]. Table 1 shows how adding biochar to soil can help remove several forms of organic contaminants. However, there are several factors such as the types of feedstock, the applied dose, the targeted pollutants, and their concentrations all affect the removal of organic pollutants in soil by biochar. Biochar has the potential to absorb heavy metal ions as well in soil. The heavy metal adsorption mechanism on biochar includes surface complexation, precipitation, cation exchange, chemical reduction, and electrostatic attraction [29]. For example, the adsorption of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn by sesame straw-derived biochar demonstrates varied adsorption capacities for each among them. Pb absorption is the highest in biochar among the metals. Furthermore, when the metals are present together, Cd adsorbed on by sesame biochar is easily replaced by other metal ions. And water hyacinth-derived biochar can adsorb around 90% of As (V) whereas rice straw-derived biochar is able to adsorb Zn²⁺ [30, 31]. Adsorption of antibiotics like sulfamethazine on biochar increases and subsequently decreases with pH, which affects the surface charge of both biochar and sulfamethazine, and the sorption processes evolve from electron donor–acceptor interaction to negative charge-assisted H-bond. And, metal ion adsorption occurs on the biochar surface’s proton-active carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl functional groups, and adsorption increased with pH in the range of pH 7. Apart from that, ion exchange and cation bonding are also found responsible for the sorption of K⁺ and Cd²⁺ by [32]. The types of feedstock and experimental conditions have a big impact on the removal efficiencies. A number of parameters affect the adsorption capacity of biochar, including pH, surface functional groups, porosity, surface charge, and mineral composition. Therefore, when biochar is used as a remediation method, optimization of various parameters should be done based on the targeted organic contaminants. Table 2 summarizes the removal of heavy metals from soil by biochar. Tables show how different biochars remove organic pollutants and heavy metals at varying rates. As shown in the Table 2, the types of biochar used and heavy metals are so different, it is difficult to compare them [46, 47]. Because different biochars have distinct physiochemical properties, they have varying adsorption capacities for inorganic and organic contaminants. As a result, selecting the right feedstock is more significant for removing impurities than adjusting the pyrolysis temperature or changing the surface characteristics of biochar [19]. Additionally, modification of biochar is another option for increasing the removal capability of heavy metals. Apart from the removal of organic contaminants and heavy metal from soil, biochar can neutralize acidic soil, boost cation exchange capacity, and improve soil fertility, for example, the acidity of soil can be enhanced by 2 units after 1 month of treatment with soy bean stover-derived biochar and oak-derived biochar. Moreover, the cation exchange capacity can be increased significantly with 5% biochar. As a result, it aided maize growth and with 3% biochar [13]. The addition of biochar made from bamboo also enhances maize production and growth [8]. The addition of biochar to soil improves soil fertility due to the following reasons: (1) increased water retention capacity (2) increased soil aggregate stability; (3) reduction of soil compaction; and (4) decreased soil bulk density and increased porosity. The aforementioned factors may encourage root growth, boosting crop growth and yields even more. However, based on varied soil and feedstock, the most important reason for improving soil fertility needs to be investigated further.

Biochar mechanisms in soil for contaminants removal. (Source: [18]).

Adsorption of organic pollutants in soil by biochar.

Heavy metal stabilization in soil by biochar.

The process of storing carbon in soil organic matter and thereby removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration. As part of attempts to establish climate resilient agriculture practices, the idea of using biochar to trap carbon in the soil has gotten a lot of attention in recent years. Biochar (biological charcoal) is a carbon sink that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere and stores it on agricultural grounds. Biochar is biologically inert, allowing it to retain fixed carbon in the soil for years to millennia while also absorbing net carbon from the atmosphere [20]. In addition, agriculture fixes 30 gigatons of carbon per year, but 30 gigatons of carbon return to the atmosphere as the plants die, resulting in no net change. When Biochar is combined with compost, soil, and plants, it recovers and stores a significant amount of carbon in the ground, resulting in a continuous and significant reduction in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) levels. In recent years, climate change has sparked an increased interest in lowering carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Soil, being a major carbon sink, plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, which has a direct impact on climate change. Carbon sequestration has offered as a strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Biochar has a great resistance to biodegradation due to its extremely condensed aromatic structure. As a result, biochar is thought to have a positive impact on soil carbon sequestration. Many investigations have been carried out to determine the impact of biochar on soil for carbon sequestration. However, due to the variability in carbon dioxide emissions, no consistent result can be presented. For example, adding carbon from fire to soil increased soil organic carbon turnover. However, adding biochar made of wood sawdust to soil inhibited carbon mineralization, resulting in more carbon sequestration. The mineralization of soil organic matter after the addition of biochar is shown to be higher in low-fertility soils than in high-fertility soils [21]. Carbon mineralization is also higher in soils with low organic carbon concentration than in soils with high organic carbon content. Also, the application of biochar to soil has found an increase in the rate of organic matter decomposition. This so-called “priming effect” affects carbon sequestration efforts since increased microbial activity might lead to breakdown rates exceeding carbon input rates. While the exact mechanism causing this impact has yet to be determined, it could be due to the increase of microbial activity as bacteria consume the carbon and nitrogen in biochar. However, the carbon in biochar can be separated into two types: liable and recalcitrant carbon. When biochar is introduced to the soil, soil microbes may quickly consume available carbon, resulting in an increase in carbon mineralization at first. This explains why adding biochar to soil accelerates carbon mineralization. Moreover, recalcitrant carbon content in biochar is significantly higher than labile carbon concentration. In soil, recalcitrant carbon can persist for a long time. As a result, the carbon input generated by biochar is more than the carbon outflow induced by relevant carbon mineralization. And, shorter pyrolysis times and higher pyrolysis temperatures, according to recent research [4], result in more recalcitrant biochar (i.e., it persists for longer periods in the soil). However, these pyrolysis conditions yields less biochar per unit feedstock, there are trade-offs. The effect of biochar addition on carbon sequestration is largely unknown in general. The priming impact varies depending on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, suggesting that the relationship between biochar’s effect and feedstock type must be investigated further. The inherent properties of biochar, as determined by feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, interact with environmental factors like precipitation and temperature to determine how long biochar carbon is held in the soil. Soil texture, as is typically the case, plays an important influence in the stability of biochar carbon. Biochar interacts with soil particles to stabilize itself in the soil.

However, numerous uncertainties remain about the efficiency of biochar in carbon sequestration. It is also crucial to investigate the link between pyrolysis conditions and biochar’s carbon sequestration ability. While biochar contains a lot of carbon, it is unclear how long that carbon will stay in the soil after it has been applied. In terms of boosting soil carbon reserves and combating climate change, biochar remains a hot topic. Many uncertainties remain, however, before definitive conclusions can be drawn about what conditions allow biochar to contribute positively to soil carbon sequestration.

The constant increase in solid waste seems to have a negative impact on human society’s long-term development, which has raised numerous concerns. Organic waste accounts for around half of all solid waste generated. The ability to effectively treat organic solid waste is critical for successful solid waste disposal. Composting has received a lot of attention as a waste treatment method because of its benefits, such as low cost. Composting is a biological process that takes place. Organic matter from raw materials is exposed to biological breakdown during the process. Biochar has a direct influence on microbes, which has an impact on composting. Many researches have been carried out to see how biochar affects the composting of organic waste. The following are the effects of biochar on microorganisms during the composition of organic solid waste: (1) providing a habitat for microorganisms; (2) providing ideal growing conditions for microorganisms; (3) enriching the microbial diversity. It is documented that biochar addition accelerated the decomposition of organic solid waste due to the favorable effect of biochar addition on composting. Table 3 shows the impact of adding biochar to the composting process. In general, adding biochar to compost has a good impact on the process. The priming effect, on the other hand, can be overlooked in low-fertility, alkaline, temperate soil. The type of soil affects the performance of biochar in compositing [22]. Furthermore, the types and doses of biochar, as well as the soil types, have a significant impact on the composting of organic solid waste. As a result, a biochar application strategy should be developed depending on the characteristics of organic solid waste composting and soil. Furthermore, it was discovered that bacterial consortiums combined with biochar can stimulate microbial activity to accelerate degradation, increase bacterial community richness, and change the specific selection of bacteria, providing a method for effectively improving microbial activity and enhancing organic solid waste degradation.

Impact of adding biochar to the composting process.

Many studies have demonstrated that biochar may adsorb contaminants from water and wastewater, including both organic and inorganic pollutants. Antibiotics, for example, are becoming common organic contaminants in the environment. Sludge-derived biochar has been shown to be a cost-effective and reusable adsorbent for the elimination of antibacterial drugs. Table 4 shows how biochar can remove organic pollutants from water via adsorption [68, 69].

Organic pollutant removal by biochar in waste.

The adsorption of pollutants by biochar in water depends on the physiochemical characteristics of targeted pollutants and the types of biochar. For example, the sawdust-derived biochar can remove entirely 20.3 mg/l of sulfamethoxazole while wood-derived biochar demonstrates substantially lower removal effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole (20–30%). For biochar obtained from organic farm, it demonstrates the lowest removal effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole (<6%) [23]. Varying pyrolysis temperatures led in different tetracycline removal efficiencies for biochar generated with rice husk [24]. The removal efficiency of tetracycline ranged from 26% to 60% when the pyrolysis temperature was 800°C and the initial concentration of tetracycline was 200 mg/l. When the pyrolysis temperature was 500°C and the initial tetracycline concentration was 5 mg/l, the removal efficiency was around 90%. It is therefore, established that pyrolysis temperature had important effect on the adsorption capacity of biochar. Other parameters such as pyrolysis time, in addition to pyrolysis temperature, can influence the physiochemical characteristics of biochar, which in turn affects the adsorption capacity of biochar. Heavy metal contamination is a major problem that requires immediate attention. Heavy metals can be removed from the aquatic environment using adsorption as well. Biochar’s ability to remove heavy metal ions is listed in Table 5 [80]. The removal of heavy metals by biochar is dependent on the types of heavy metals and the types of feedstock, similar to the removal of organic pollutants by biochar. Biochar has a lower removal capacity for Cd²⁺ and As⁵⁺ than other heavy metals like Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ among the major heavy metals [25]. Biochar produced from corn straw, for example, had a different Cu²⁺ adsorption capability like 0.1 g/l of biochar can remove 1 mM of Cu²⁺ when the pyrolysis temperature is set at 800°C. And, when the pyrolysis temperature is set to 400°C, 20 g/l biochar can remove 20 mg/l Cu²⁺ [26]^. Similarly, biochar produced from water hyacinths shows different adsorption capacities for Cd²⁺ and Pb^2+, demonstrating that biochar adsorption capability varies depending on the targeted heavy metals. Zhang et al. [27] discovered that biochar prepared at high temperatures was effective in removing Cr (VI). A recent study found that sludge-derived biochar may successfully remove ammonium by monolayer chemical adsorption [59], implying that competition adsorption occurred when biochar was utilised as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants in the presence of ammonium. It should be highlighted that the adsorption capacity of the functional groups-modified biochar is clearly improved by the functional groups. The amino-modified biochar, for example, significantly increases the adsorption of Cu (II) due to strong complexation [60]. Moreover, biochar can enrich microorganisms, which can aid in the removal of organic matter, in addition to adsorption. [48] discovered that the proportion of Archaea was significantly greater in the presence of fruitwood-derived biochar, which relieved the stress of ammonia and acids on the microbes, raising microbial activity even more. Lu et al. [35] discovered a similar phenomenon as well. When using biochar for water and wastewater treatment, it’s important to keep in mind that it can be recycled and reused. Based on the foregoing findings, biochar performs well in batch experiments in removing the contaminants of concern. However, various contaminants coexist in water and wastewater. Competitive adsorption may occur, resulting in results that differ from those obtained in the laboratory. In addition, the adsorption of contaminants by biochar may be affected by actual flow conditions. As a result, more research should be done in the lab to imitate the real-world condition and study the efficacy of biochar in the removal of contaminants.

Heavy metal uptake by biochar in water.

Biochar is a good building material for insulating buildings and managing humidity because of its low thermal conductivity and capacity to absorb water. Biochar, together with cement mortar clay and lime, can be used with sand in a 1: 1 ratio. As a result, the plaster made using this technology has excellent insulation and breathing capabilities, allowing it to sustain humidity levels of 45–70% in both summer and winter. This prevents dry air, which can cause respiratory problems and allergies, as well as moisture caused by air condensing on the outer walls, which can lead to mould growth [27].

The capacity to carefully adjust the structure and chemistry of biochar at nanoscale (nm) scales allows certain aspects of the biochar to be altered to target certain environmental engineering solutions, comparable to the proposed “designer biochar” for agricultural uses. It is crucial to remember, however, that once in the field; biochar characteristics do not remain constant over time. Even at ambient temperatures, ageing, oxidation, and microbial degradation can modify surface functional groups and chemistry, affecting sorption characteristics. The list of biochar’s potential engineering applications is continually growing. Due to its unique magnetic properties, magnetic biochar opens the door to facilitating removal of various contaminants from soil or other media. This broadens the scope of biochar’s possible use in environmental remediation.

Along with the widespread use of biochar, it may have some disadvantages which may lead to harmful impact on the environment. When using bio-char in the environment, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is stability. The carbon structure makes up the majority of biochar. Biochar stability refers to the stability of the carbon structure in general. Aromaticity and the degree of aromatic condensation in biochar are markers of its carbon structure. Biochar stability must be considered because different biochars have varying physiochemical properties. Due to the instability of biochar, Huang et al. [28] observed the potential dissolution of organic matter from biochar in the complexation of heavy metals, implying that dissolved organic matter from biochar can be discovered in solution. Furthermore, the aromaticity, stability, and resistivity of the dissolved organic matter may be high. When biochar is used in the treatment of water and wastewater, the carbon content of the water body may rise due to the release of carbon from the biochar. Furthermore, biochar, particularly sludge-derived biochar, includes heavy metals, which may leach out during the water and wastewater treatment process, resulting in heavy metal contamination. When biochar is used as a catalyst support, the catalyst’s stability tends to deteriorate after a few uses. One reason for the lower catalyst stability could be charcoal structural degradation. As a result, biochar stability is also linked to water and wastewater treatment quality. In conclusion, the stability of biochar has a significant impact on its environmental applicability. As a result, more research is needed in the future to determine the stability of biochar. Because pyrolysis conditions can change carbon content and structure however, research into the relationship between biochar stability and pyrolysis conditions is important. Biochar’s possible toxicity on microorganisms should be considered in addition to its stability. Biochar increases the enzymatic activities of soil microorganisms at low doses, according to Gong et al. [75], demonstrating that low doses of biochar had no toxicity on the bacteria. Dong et al. [79] shown that Fe₃O₄-modified bamboo biochar has a low cytotoxicity potential. In contrast, high doses of tobacco stem-derived biochar exhibited cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in epithelial cells through promoting ROS production. As previously stated, biochar has a wide range of physical and chemical properties. More research into the potential toxicity of biochar to the environment is needed to support its effective application. Fish, algae, water fleas, and luminous bacteria can all be used to conduct toxicity tests.

This chapter provided an overview of biochar application and its interaction with other substances, focusing on its use in environmental remediation. Firstly, the raw material especially waste materials used for biochar production offers a treatment option for wastes that contributes to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, biochar’s practical applicability is aided by its low-cost feedstock and simple preparation technique. Biochar has the ability to remediate, improve soil, and mitigate climate change, all of which contribute to environmental sustainability. However, the primary explanation for the increase in soil fertility remained unknown, and the work on the impact of biochar on carbon sequestration needs to be conducted and understood. Composting organic waste using biochar can help promote biological decomposition of organic waste. However, different doses of biochar were required for various organic wastes and biochar kinds. As a result, a biochar application strategy should be developed depending on the characteristics of organic solid waste composting and soil. Biochar can be employed as absorbents in the decontamination of water and wastewater, but its adsorption capacity and stability must be improved. Biochar can activate persulfate, which can be used to remove hazardous organic pollutants from water and wastewater, however the relationship between biochar structure and persulfate activation needs to be studied further to figure out how it works. In conclusion, biochar has a bright future in improving environmental sustainability. The majority of bio-char research is currently being done in laboratories. Biochar’s environmental impact has yet to be fully understood. Furthermore, the real world is more complex than the laboratory, resulting in ambiguity about biochar’s environmental impact. More in situ tests are needed to determine the true impact of biochar on the environment, such as environmental microorganisms, before it is used on a broad basis. Furthermore, the preparation conditions of biochar for industrial use must be enhanced depending on the various environmental reasons.

Use of co-pyrolised biochar in Carbon-Negative Hydrogen Production (HyBECCS) from bio …

2 July, 2022

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Efficient adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution using a novel functionalized magnetic biochar

2 July, 2022

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Xiumin Li, Jinlan Xu, Xianxin Luo, Jingxin Shi

Bioresource technology. Pages 127526. Jun 27, 2022. Epub Jun 27, 2022.

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35772720
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New Insight Into the Mechanism Underlying the Effect of Biochar on Phenanthrene …

2 July, 2022

Biochar has been widely used for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil, but its mechanism of influencing PAH biodegradation remains unclear. Here, DNA-stable isotope probing coupled with high-throughput sequencing was employed to assess its influence on phenanthrene (PHE) degradation, the active PHE-degrading microbial community and PAH-degradation genes (PAH-RHD_α). Our results show that both Low-BC and High-BC (soils amended with 1% and 4% w/w biochar, respectively) treatments significantly decreased PHE biodegradation and bioavailable concentrations with a dose-dependent effect compared to Non-BC treatment (soils without biochar). This result could be attributed to the immobilisation of PHE and alteration of the composition and abundance of the PHE-degrading microbial consortium by biochar. Active PHE degraders were identified, and those in the Non-BC, Low-BC and High-BC microcosms differed taxonomically. Sphaerobacter, unclassified Diplorickettsiaceae, Pseudonocardia, and Planctomyces were firstly linked with PHE biodegradation. Most importantly, the abundances of PHE degraders and PAH-RHD_α genes in the ¹³C-enriched DNA fractions of biochar-amended soils were greatly attenuated, and were significantly positively correlated with PHE biodegradation. Our findings provide a novel perspective on PAH biodegradation mechanisms in biochar-treated soils, and expand the understanding of the biodiversity of microbes involved in PAH biodegradation in the natural environment.

News Conference: Biochar Initiative – LNKTV City

2 July, 2022

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Biochar – Improve your soil for the next 500 years! | Other Garden | Gumtree Australia Lockyer Valley

2 July, 2022

Biochar - Improve your soil for the next 500 years! Geohex; Ground Stabilisation Media; Gardeon 75L Garden Dump Cart Green Buy Now Pay Later Compost Worms & Farms / Castings / Pet Food Axolotls Fish Lizards Retractable Hose Reel 20M Garden Water Spray Gun Auto Rewind Havenbrick Pavers - Charcoal 200x100x50mm SALE $0.85 ea Euro Classic Pavers - Steel 400x400x40 1STs was $11 SALE $6 ea Havenpave Pavers - Sunstone 200x200x50mm was $1.86 SALE $1.72 ea 1000 Compost Worms for South Queensland. Collect or posted From Farm Lawn Edgings 16 pcs Green 10 m PP Buy Now Pay Later Garden Windmill 120cm Metal Ornaments Outdoor Decor Buy Now PayPal Download the Gumtree IOS app for free Download the Gumtree Android app for free

Zero valent iron or Fe3O4-loaded biochar for remediation of Pb contaminated sandy soil

2 July, 2022

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Recovery of Energy and Nitrogen via Two-Stage Valorization of Food Waste – Penn State

3 July, 2022

We carbonized simulated food waste (stage I) and then liquefied the biochar produced (stage II) with the goals of producing bio-oil and recovering nitrogen. Both stages used hydrothermal and pyrolytic approaches, so the influence of water during the treatments could be discerned. Pyrolysis produced biochars in the greatest yield (57 wt %) from the biomass feedstock, and it produced biocrudes with the greatest HHV (39.4 MJ/kg) via the liquefaction of biochar from hydrothermal carbonization. Pyrolysis of biochar for stage II gave negligible aqueous-phase product yields, however, which limited the nitrogen recovery with this approach solely to that recovered in the initial carbonization step. The highest N recovery (75%) in the aqueous-phase products occurred with hydrothermal treatment for both carbonization and liquefaction. This N recovery greatly exceeded those (<10%) for single-step hydrothermal liquefaction of this same feedstock. Energy recovery in the biocrude oil produced from this two-step process exceeded 50% in several runs. This two-step approach for food-waste valorization provides an opportunity for comparable energy recovery and much greater N recovery than are available from single-step hydrothermal liquefaction.

}

Recovery of Energy and Nitrogen via Two-Stage Valorization of Food Waste. / Motavaf, Bita; Capece, Sofia H.; Eldor, Tomer; Savage, Phillip E.

TY – JOUR

T1 – Recovery of Energy and Nitrogen via Two-Stage Valorization of Food Waste

AU – Motavaf, Bita

AU – Capece, Sofia H.

AU – Eldor, Tomer

AU – Savage, Phillip E.

N1 – Funding Information: We thank Dr. John T. Spargo, director of the Agricultural Analytical Services Laboratory at Penn State, for analysis of the aqueous-phase samples. This project was supported by Penn State and funds from the Walter L. Robb Family Chair in chemical engineering. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 American Chemical Society.

PY – 2022

Y1 – 2022

N2 – We carbonized simulated food waste (stage I) and then liquefied the biochar produced (stage II) with the goals of producing bio-oil and recovering nitrogen. Both stages used hydrothermal and pyrolytic approaches, so the influence of water during the treatments could be discerned. Pyrolysis produced biochars in the greatest yield (57 wt %) from the biomass feedstock, and it produced biocrudes with the greatest HHV (39.4 MJ/kg) via the liquefaction of biochar from hydrothermal carbonization. Pyrolysis of biochar for stage II gave negligible aqueous-phase product yields, however, which limited the nitrogen recovery with this approach solely to that recovered in the initial carbonization step. The highest N recovery (75%) in the aqueous-phase products occurred with hydrothermal treatment for both carbonization and liquefaction. This N recovery greatly exceeded those (<10%) for single-step hydrothermal liquefaction of this same feedstock. Energy recovery in the biocrude oil produced from this two-step process exceeded 50% in several runs. This two-step approach for food-waste valorization provides an opportunity for comparable energy recovery and much greater N recovery than are available from single-step hydrothermal liquefaction.

AB – We carbonized simulated food waste (stage I) and then liquefied the biochar produced (stage II) with the goals of producing bio-oil and recovering nitrogen. Both stages used hydrothermal and pyrolytic approaches, so the influence of water during the treatments could be discerned. Pyrolysis produced biochars in the greatest yield (57 wt %) from the biomass feedstock, and it produced biocrudes with the greatest HHV (39.4 MJ/kg) via the liquefaction of biochar from hydrothermal carbonization. Pyrolysis of biochar for stage II gave negligible aqueous-phase product yields, however, which limited the nitrogen recovery with this approach solely to that recovered in the initial carbonization step. The highest N recovery (75%) in the aqueous-phase products occurred with hydrothermal treatment for both carbonization and liquefaction. This N recovery greatly exceeded those (<10%) for single-step hydrothermal liquefaction of this same feedstock. Energy recovery in the biocrude oil produced from this two-step process exceeded 50% in several runs. This two-step approach for food-waste valorization provides an opportunity for comparable energy recovery and much greater N recovery than are available from single-step hydrothermal liquefaction.

UR – http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85127903606&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR – http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85127903606&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 – 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00200

DO – 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00200

M3 – Article

AN – SCOPUS:85127903606

JO – Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

JF – Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

SN – 0888-5885

ER –

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Effect of biochar on soil properties and infiltration in a light salinized soil: experiments and …

3 July, 2022

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The Great Change: Biochar from Bamboo – Peaksurfer

3 July, 2022

“How fast can the climate of earlier centuries be restored?“

For more than 40 years I have been growing temperate bamboo in my ecovillage. I trace that long and beneficial association to Adam Turtle, who was part of an intentional community on the Cumberland Plateau of Middle Tennessee and then moved south to our neighborhood, buying a highland farm on the east side of Summertown in the late 1970s. The Turtles’ Earth Advocates Research Farm grew more than 300 varieties of bamboo and faithfully produced the Temperate Bamboo Quarterly, a respected international journal.

I have some 24 varieties in the landscape here at the Ecovillage Training Center and thirty acres of bamboo on nearby farmland. These evergreen plants all go to subzero temperatures most years but then miraculously recover. Around the world, more than 1,400 species occupy 115 genera, with more than 70,000 different cultivars. There are tens of thousands of practical uses, at all stages of their life-cycles, but most endearing to me is their capacity to reverse climate change.

Bamboos are the fastest-growing land-based plants on Earth—extending shoots up to 910 mm (36 in) height every 24 hours, doubling the biomass of a grove annually, and extending rhizomes as far away as they are tall. My tallest varieties tower nearly 80 feet, but in tropical zones they can go well over 100 feet and reach 12 inches in diameter. I also have diminutive broadleaf varieties that are knee-high and others that never get taller than my garden fence. Unlike trees, individual bamboo culms emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in three to four months. They then take 3 years to harden from hemicellulose to lignin. From 5 to 8 years they senesce, as fungal growth causes the culm to decay, and it is at this time that harvesting for biochar makes perfect sense. I am intercepting the process that would otherwise return the carbon to the sky as carbon dioxide. I am locking that carbon away in a durable mineral form, and thereby using bamboo’s remarkable photosynthetic ability as an atmospheric scrub brush.

Because bamboo can grow on otherwise marginal land, bamboo can be profitably cultivated in many degraded lands. Moreover, because of the rapid growth, bamboo is an effective climate change mitigation and carbon sequestration crop, absorbing between 100 and 400 tonnes of carbon per hectare.

— Wikipedia

Those who have traveled in India, Indonesia or China may have tried gulai rebung (bamboo shoots boiled in thick coconut milk), pickled bamboo, or lun pia (fried wrapped bamboo shoots with vegetables). Fermented sap can also make a sweet wine (ulanzi). In southern India and some regions of southwest China, the seeds are saved as “bamboo rice” or ground and baked like wheat. Many of us have seen rice steamers and chopsticks made of bamboo, and India now promotes bamboo water bottles as a substitute for plastic.

Bamboo’s legions of uses—for writing, fabrics, art, music, fabrics, construction, firecrackers, desalination, kitchenware and furniture—trace to at least the second millennium BCE. In China, bamboo is one of the “Four Gentlemen” (bamboo, orchid, plum blossom and chrysanthemum), regarded as a behavior model for its uprightness, tenacity, and modesty. In Japan, it is the second of the “Three Friends of Winter” (kansai sanyū), between pine and plum. Adam Turtle says no country with bamboo is truly poor.

Here, then, is my usual routine for making bamboo biochar for my garden.

_________________

The Green Road also wants to address the ongoing food crisis at the local level by helping people grow their own food, and they are raising money to acquire farm machinery, seed, and to erect greenhouses. The opportunity, however, is larger than that. The majority of the migrants are children. This will be the first experience in ecovillage living for most. They will directly experience its wonders, skills, and safety. They may never want to go back. Those that do will carry the seeds within them of the better world they glimpsed through the eyes of a child.

Those wishing to make a tax-deductible gift can do so through Global Village Institute by going to http://PayPal.me/greenroad2022 or by directing donations to greenroad@thefarm.org.

There is more info on the Global Village Institute website at https://www.gvix.org/greenroad

_____________________

The COVID-19 pandemic has destroyed lives, livelihoods, and economies. But it has not slowed down climate change, which presents an existential threat to all life, humans included. The warnings could not be stronger: temperatures and fires are breaking records, greenhouse gas levels keep climbing, sea level is rising, and natural disasters are upsizing.

Help me get my blog posted every week. All Patreon donations and Blogger or Substack subscriptions are needed and welcomed. You are how we make this happen. Your contributions are being made to Global Village Institute, a tax-deductible 501(c)(3) charity. PowerUp! donors on Patreon get an autographed book off each first press run. Please help if you can.

#RestorationGeneration #ReGeneration

“There are the good tipping points, the tipping points in public consciousness when it comes to addressing this crisis, and I think we are very close to that.”

— Climate Scientist Michael Mann, January 13, 2021.

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Biochar Fertilizer Industry with Industry Capacity, Future Prospects, Economic Aspect and …

3 July, 2022

Biochar Fertilizer Market report focuses on the Biochar Fertilizer Market size, segment size (mainly covering product type, application, and geography), competitor landscape, recent status, and development trends. Furthermore, the report provides strategies for companies to overcome threats posed by COVID-19.

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Market Analysis and Insights: Global Biochar Fertilizer Market

With industry-standard accuracy in analysis and high data integrity, the report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Biochar Fertilizer Market to help players in achieving a strong market position. Buyers of the report can access verified and reliable market forecasts, including those for the overall size of the global Biochar Fertilizer Market in terms of revenue.

Biochar Fertilizer Market 2022 delivers a comprehensive overview of the crucial elements of the industry and elements such as drivers, restraints, current trends of the past and present times, supervisory scenarios, and technological growth. The report also focuses on global major leading industry players in the global Biochar Fertilizer Market providing information such as company profiles, product picture and specifications, price, cost, revenue and contact information. This report focuses on Biochar Fertilizer Market trends, volume and value at the global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents the overall Biochar Fertilizer Market Size by analyzing historical data and future prospects.

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The List of Major Key Players Listed in the Biochar Fertilizer Market Report are:

On the whole, the report proves to be an effective tool that players can use to gain a competitive edge over their competitors and ensure lasting success in the global Biochar Fertilizer Market. All of the findings, data, and information provided in the report are validated and revalidated with the help of trustworthy sources. The analysts who have authored the report took a unique and industry-best research and analysis approach for an in-depth study of the global Biochar Fertilizer Market.

On the basis of product type, the Biochar Fertilizer Market report considers the following segments:

On the basis of applications, the Biochar Fertilizer Market report considers the following segments:

On the basis of end-use, the Biochar Fertilizer Market report includes:

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Geographically, this report is segmented into several key regions, with sales, revenue, market share and growth rate of Biochar Fertilizer Market in these regions, from 2017 to 2028, covering

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

South America

Middle East and Africa

Key Attentions of Biochar Fertilizer Market Report:

The report offers a comprehensive and broad perspective on the global Biochar Fertilizer Market.

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Market growth drivers and challenges affecting the development of Biochar Fertilizer Market are analyzed in detail.

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Advancement is elaborated on in this report. The upstream and downstream components of Biochar Fertilizer Market and a comprehensive value chain are explained.

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Detailed TOC of Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Report 2022

1 Biochar Fertilizer Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Biochar Fertilizer Market
1.2 Biochar Fertilizer Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Sales and CAGR Comparison by Type (2017-2028)
1.3 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Segment by Application
1.3.1 Biochar Fertilizer Market Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2017-2028)
1.4 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market, Region Wise (2017-2028)
1.4.1 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Size (Revenue) and CAGR Comparison by Region (2017-2028)
1.4.2 United States Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Europe Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.4 China Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.5 Japan Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.6 India Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.8 Latin America Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.4.9 Middle East and Africa Biochar Fertilizer Market Status and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5 Global Market Size (Revenue) of Biochar Fertilizer Market (2017-2028)
1.5.1 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Revenue Status and Outlook (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Sales Status and Outlook (2017-2028)
1.6 Influence of Regional Conflicts on the Biochar Fertilizer Market Industry
1.7 Impact of Carbon Neutrality on the Biochar Fertilizer Market Industry

2 Biochar Fertilizer Market Upstream and Downstream Analysis

2.1 Biochar Fertilizer Market Industrial Chain Analysis
2.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
2.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
2.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
2.5 Manufacturing Process Analysis
2.6 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.6.1 Labor Cost Analysis
2.6.2 Energy Costs Analysis
2.6.3 R&D Costs Analysis
2.7 Major Downstream Buyers of Biochar Fertilizer Market Analysis
2.8 Impact of COVID-19 on the Industry Upstream and Downstream

3 Players Profiles

4 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Landscape by Player

5 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Sales, Revenue, Price Trend by Type

6 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Analysis by Application

7 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)

8 Global Biochar Fertilizer Market Forecast (2022-2028)

9 Industry Outlook

10 Research Findings and Conclusion

11 Appendix

Continued….

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In the Garden: The dreaded Japanese beetle is back in Nebraska, chomping on plants

3 July, 2022

Japanese beetles are serious pests that can do a lot of damage to flowers and other vegetation.

Avid gardeners weren’t the only visitors when I hosted a stop of the Omaha Rose Society tour last weekend.

A few people shared that they’d seen Japanese beetles on some of my roses, disappointing news for everyone.

“We are unsure of what the population will look like this year,” said Scott Evans of Nebraska Extension in Douglas-Sarpy Counties. “These beetles will feed on over 300 ornamental and agricultural plants.”

Evans said there are some common misconceptions when it comes to the destructive insects:

Beetle traps work, but they work too well. Each trap has the potential to bring in a few extra 100,000 insects into the landscape.

Grub management will not prevent or stop adult beetles from flying into the landscape. Grub management will only protect the turf.

Milky Spores may not be as effective as it once was. It only kills the grub of the Japanese beetle and will not manage the other four white grubs we can see in the lawn.

The best defense to help reduce damage to the landscape is by spot treating highly prized or high-value plants, Evans said. Consider using less toxic options such as neem-based products to reduce collateral damage to beneficial insects.

Hand-picking has been proved to be effective. Do so around 7 p.m. to help reduce the distress pheromones that the plant emits and the aggregation pheromones the beetles produce.

Evans’ co-worker John Porter said the insects love lots of fruits, especially peaches and grapes.

To protect them, you can spray on a product called Surround. It’s a finely powdered spray that makes those plants less tasty but washes right off.

“Most people don’t use it in the landscape because it makes the plants ugly,” Porter said.

The beetles continue to move west, but they’ll never leave completely. Porter said in West Virginia, where he is from, they are now a common pest.

“I came here one of the first years they were here,” he said. “I could not figure out why everyone was losing their ever-loving mind about Japanese beetles.”

I want to thank the Omaha Rose Society for asking me to be a part of their garden tour.

Not because I think I had an amazing property to show off — but because it made me get my gardens into the best shape they’ve ever been.

It took an army to pull off that transformation — 21 bags of yard waste in all — and made me realize that my sisters might be right when they tell me to stop making new beds and just take better care of what I’ve already planted.

But will that stop me next year when I lose my mind buying plants? I think I can safely say the answer is a resounding no. When that fever hits, there’s probably not a force in the world that can keep me from a discounted flower I covet.

I already used the tour as an excuse to buy every plant that caught my eye, reasoning that as the garden writer, my place had to look good. That’s why I’m doing a no-spend July, so if you see me at a garden center buying something, please stop me.

Just kidding.

I’m sure I’ll have a valid reason why I need the three or four plants in my cart.

Two disappointing items. I never got time to label everything as I wanted and why can’t we still have yard-waste pickup? People are working in their yard throughout the summer.

I want to thank my girls, my family, neighbors and friends for helping me pull this off. Even if it wasn’t the best stop on the tour, my gardens give me constant joy. And probably angst as I see all the weeds quickly sprouting again.

Lincoln is one of seven cities from Europe and the United States to adopt Stockholm’s 2014 Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Mayors Challenge winning biochar project.

With the project, plant waste from parks and homes — everything from grass clippings to trees and limbs — is made into a charcoal-like substance that residents can then use in their yards and gardens to help combat climate change. When biochar is used as a soil fertilizer, it promotes plant growth while simultaneously absorbing carbon from the atmosphere and locking it into the soil. It also reduces stormwater runoff.

Darmstadt, Germany; Helsingborg, Sweden; Sandnes, Norway; Helsinki, Finland; Cincinnati, Lincoln and Minneapolis will each receive up to $400,000 in funding, along with implementation and technical support from Bloomberg Philanthropies to develop citywide biochar projects and engage residents in the fight against climate change.

In total, the projects are expected to produce 3,750 tons of biochar, which would sequester almost 10,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year — the equivalent of taking 6,250 cars off the roads every year. In addition, thousands of residents across the seven cities will contribute to the success of this work.

Lincoln plans to capture community wood waste for biochar production and use it to support tree plantings, urban agriculture, public gardens, composting and stormwater treatment. Lincoln will build its first biochar production facility working closely with the Nebraska Forest Service, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and other stakeholders.

“Stockholm’s Biochar Project is a remarkable example of how a great idea in one city can inspire positive climate action in cities around the world,” said James Anderson, who leads the Government Innovation program at Bloomberg Philanthropies. “We are eager to see how civic leaders in these next seven cities build on Stockholm’s lessons learned and take their own efforts to engage residents and reduce carbon emissions to entirely new heights.”

Since winning the Bloomberg Philanthropies’ Mayors challenge in 2014 and opening its first of five planned biochar facilities in 2017, the city of Stockholm has produced more than 100 tons of biochar and distributed it to 300,000 citizens.

I received a small bag of biochar with my Bloom Box from the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum, and I’m eager to give it a try.

marjie.ducey@owh.com, 402-444-1034, twitter.com/mduceyowh

Dana Freeman, Nebraska Extension in Douglas-Sarpy Counties

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The names might not be as familiar but native plants are perfectly suited to conditions in Nebraska, so they’ll do well especially as we head into the possibility of more drought due to climate change.

“Even the smallest little tear is an entry point for disease,” John Porter said. “You could see a lot more disease in your plants in a storm like this.”

Japanese beetles are serious pests that can do a lot of damage to flowers and other vegetation.

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Efficient adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin and carbamazepine using modified pinewood biochar

3 July, 2022

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Efficient adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin and carbamazepine using modified pinewood biochar

3 July, 2022

Pinewood biochar was prepared and modified with KOH and used for the immobilization of CuO for efficient adsorption and degradation of model pharmaceutical compounds including ciprofloxacin and carbamazepine from polluted waters. Techniques used were X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and porosity analysis, which indicated that specific surface area of K-BC was ten-times higher than that of the pristine BC. More functional groups, such as C-N, COO-, and C=C were present onto the surface of the modified BC, which facilitated the adsorption of pollutants to promote degradation reactions. K-BC-CuO showed complete degradation of the pharmaceuticals in the presence of persulfate (PS). The response surface methodology revealed that the effects of various operating parameters on the degradation of CBZ, which followed the sequence: temperature > PS concentration > initial CBZ concentration > K-BC-CuO dosage > pH. The degradation mechanisms were investigated to prove that singlet oxygen is the dominant species for CIP and CBZ degradation. This research provides new insights into the fabrication and application of sustainable and green materials for the removal of emerging wastewater contaminants.

用 KOH 制备和改性松木生物炭，用于固定化 CuO，以有效吸附和降解污染水体中的模型药物化合物，包括环丙沙星和卡马西平。使用的技术是 X 射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶透射红外光谱、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 表面积和孔隙率分析，这表明 K-BC 的比表面积是原始 BC 的十倍。改性后的 BC 表面存在更多的官能团，如 CN、COO- 和 C=C，这有利于污染物的吸附，从而促进降解反应。K-BC-CuO 显示在过硫酸盐 (PS) 存在下药物完全降解。响应面法揭示了各种操作参数对 CBZ 降解的影响，其顺序为：温度 > PS 浓度 > 初始 CBZ 浓度 > K-BC-CuO 用量 > pH。研究降解机制以证明单线态氧是 CIP 和 CBZ 降解的主要物种。这项研究为可持续和绿色材料的制造和应用提供了新的见解，以去除新兴的废水污染物。

Biochar Market Insights 2022 And Analysis By Top Keyplayers – Designer Women

3 July, 2022

The Biochar Market report is prepared with the sole purpose of equipping players with industry-leading analysis and useful recommendations for securing the best position in the global Biochar market. You can discover high growth opportunities in the global Biochar market through our exclusive research and assess risk factors to stay ready for any market issues in advance. Our deep segmentation research allows us to focus on key segments of the global Biochar market and formulate effective strategies to capitalize on the growth prospects they have created. The report includes a study of Biochar market sizes by value and volume and provides important market figures such as average annual,market share,growth rate,production,consumption and revenue.

The regional analysis provided in this study provides a complete study of the growth of the global Biochar market in different regions and countries. Readers are also provided with comprehensive competitive analysis, which includes detailed profiling of leading players operating in the global Biochar market. The report has a dedicated section on market dynamics where market influencers,Biochar market growth drivers,limitations,challenges,trends and opportunities are extensively discussed. The statistical information provided in this report serves as a powerful tool to clearly and quickly understand the progress of the Biochar market over the past few years and in the coming years.

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It starts with an overview of the supplier landscape followed by industry concentration analysis and ranking of the major players in the global Biochar market. In the competitive scenario, our analysis shed light on the following topics.

Leading Biochar Market Players are as followed:

Global Biochar Market segmentation :

Biochar Market Segment by Type :

Biochar Market Segment by Application :

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Regional market analysis Biochar can be represented as follows:

This part of the report assesses key regional and country-level markets on the basis of market size by type and application, key players, and market forecast.

The base of geography, the world market of, Biochar has segmented as follows:

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What has been the effect of globalization on agriculture ❤️ Updated 2022 – agrifarmingtips

3 July, 2022

globalization is leading to a concentration of the seed industry, the increased use of pesticides, and finally increased debt. In the regions where industrial agriculture has been introduced through globalization, higher costs are making it virtually impossible for small farmers to survive.

Globalization has allowed agricultural production to grow much faster than in the past. A few decades ago fast growth was somewhat over 3 percent per year. Now it is 4 to 6 percent. However, these higher rates of growth involve a substantial change in its composition.

Full
Answer

T he Power Struggle Between Nations

| Globalization Effects & Examples

The new vaccines and drugs that the bank expects to be released will lead to a “strong cyclical recovery, a return of global mobility, and a release of pent-up demand from consumers.” the outlook said. Load Error

Why is globalization a bad thing? The bad side of globalization is also about tight credit, deleverage, and declining money flows across local and national boundaries, as creditors tighten credit to both good and bad borrowers, depressing aggregate demand; setting the world economy into a vicious cycle of income and employment declines; and euphoria is …

1)Due to globalisation the Indian farmers might have to force much unstable prices for these products fluctuated largely on year-to-year basis . 2) The impact of trade liberalization on the prices of agricultural products at international level and domestic level depend on what policies other countries follow .

One consideration that isn’t often discussed about globalization is how it affects the environment….Globalization and the EnvironmentIncreased Transport of Goods. … Economic Specialization. … Decreased Biodiversity. … Increased Awareness.

At the same time, global economic growth and industrial productivity are both the driving force and the major consequences of globalization. They also have big environmental consequences as they contribute to the depletion of natural resources, deforestation and the destruction of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity.

The Positive impacts of globalization on Indian agriculture are as under :- 1. ) Increase National Income – Receiving the international market for the agricultural goods of India, there is an increase in farmer’s agricultural product, new technology, new seeds etc. helped to grow the agricultural product.

Activists have pointed out that globalization has led to an increase in the consumption of products, which has impacted the ecological cycle. Increased consumption leads to an increase in the production of goods, which in turn puts stress on the environment.

Some argue that globalization is a positive development as it will give rise to new industries and more jobs in developing countries. Others say globalization is negative in that it will force poorer countries of the world to do whatever the big developed countries tell them to do.

Globalization today allows for goods to be made and sold all over the world. Companies to establish and compete for customers in many countries for example fast food chains are opening outlets every day around the world. Also, companies can operate where production costs are the cheapest due to globalization.

Globalization has positive effects such as increase in national income, access to global capital, emergence of new business opportunities, increase in loans and investments, technology transfer, development of energy and communication sub- structures, improvement of labor quality and working conditions and …

Globalization helps developing countries to deal with rest of the world increase their economic growth, solving the poverty problems in their country. In the past, developing countries were not able to tap on the world economy due to trade barriers.

The farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges,particularly after 1990,under globalisation. Due to highly subsidised agriculture in developed countries, our agricultural products are not able to compete with them although India is an important producer of spices, jute, coffee, tea, rubber, cotton, rice.

Farmers lack access to overseas markets, where they can sell their products at higher prices and purchase cheaper inputs and better technology. They also lack sufficient access to local markets and face unfair competition from subsidized imports. Inputs and outputs are controlled by multinational companies.

Negative Impacts on Agriculture: Due to globalization, Indian farmers will try to grow more cash crops and there will be a shortage of food in our country. Multinational Companies [MNCs] of developed countries will exploit our farmers as Indian farmers are poor and illiterate.

First, it is evident that trade liberalization under globalization has occasioned a situation whereby farmers are increasingly intensifying, diversifying, and mechanizing agriculture to enhance yields in order to sustain the international market.

Drawing from the discussion and analysis, it can be concluded that globalization has indeed continued to undermine the pursuit of sustainable agriculture due to associated adverse effects. Although globalization promises a number of advantages that can encourage sustainable agriculture, it is clear that its many environmental, social, and economic consequences outweigh these benefits.

The Globalization is a super national phenomenon which transcends national frontiers, It is the proceed by which events, decision and activities in one part of world have significant consequences for other parts of the globe. Globalization represents closer integration of the world economy resulting from increase in trade, investment, finance and multi country production networks of MNCs. It extends beyond economic interdependence to include dilution of time and space dimension as a result of spread of information technology. Technological advancement in computing and telecommunication have reduced the distances among various functionaries and brought them closer. Thus the cost and time of transaction have reduced considerably and these will continue falling further.

Agriculture is deeply related to industrial growth and national income in India. 1% increase in the agricultural growth leads to 0.5% increase in the industrial output and 0.7% increase in the national income in India. As a result, the government of India announced agriculture as the prime moving force of the Indian economy in 2002.

The production of wheat has increased from 8.8 million tones in 1965-66 to 184 million tones in 1991-92. The productivity of other food grains has increased considerably. It was 71% in case of cereals, 104% for wheat and 52% for paddy over the period 1965-66 and 1989-90. Though the food grain production has increased considerably but the green revolution has no impact on coarse cereals, pulses and few cash corps. In short the gains of green revolution have not been shared equally by all the crops.

The impact of globalization on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain’s flourishing textile industry.

This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.

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Removal of lead (Pb +2 ) from contaminated water using a novel MoO 3 –biochar composite

3 July, 2022

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Yage Li, Sabry M Shaheen, Muhammad Azeem, Lan Zhang, Chuchu Feng, Jin Peng, Weidong Qi, Junxi Liu, Yuan Luo, Yaru Peng, Esmat F Ali, Ken Smith, Jörg Rinklebe, Zengqiang Zhang, Ronghua Li

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Low-interest RIC loans expanded to more types of farming | Farm Online | Australia

4 July, 2022

BioChar Plus- soil amendment – farm & garden – by owner – sale – Craigslist

4 July, 2022

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Effect of remediation techniques on petroleum removal from and on biological activity of a …

4 July, 2022

Many petroleum extraction and refinement plants are located in arid climates. Therefore, the remediation of petroleum-polluted soils is complicated by the low moisture conditions. We ran a 70-day experiment to test the efficacy of various combining of remediation treatments with sorghum, yellow medick, and biochar to remove petroleum from and change the biological activity of Kastanozem, a soil typical of the dry steppes and semideserts of the temperate zone. At normal moisture, the maximum petroleum-degradation rate (40%) was obtained with sorghum–biochar. At low moisture, the petroleum-degradation rate was 22 and 30% with yellow medick alone and with yellow medick − sorghum, respectively. Biochar and the biochar-plant interaction had little effect on soil remediation. Both plants promoted the numbers of soil microbes in their rhizosphere: yellow medick promoted mostly hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms, whereas sorghum promoted both hydrocarbon-oxidizing and total heterotrophic microorganisms. Low moisture did not limit microbial development. In the rhizosphere of sorghum, dehydrogenase and urease activities were maximal at normal moisture, whereas in the rhizosphere of yellow medick, they were maximal at low moisture. Peroxidase activity was promoted by the plants in unpolluted soil and was close to the control values in polluted soil. Biochar and the biochar-plant interaction did not noticeably affect the biological activity of the soil.

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Dataset used in the study can be obtained by a reasonable request from the corresponding author Dr. Ekaterina Dubrovskaya.

Culturable heterotrophic microorganisms

Hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms

Colony-forming units

Soil urease activity

Soil dehydrogenase activity

Soil peroxidase activity

Sorghum

Yellow medick

Petroleum pollution

Normal moisture

Low moisture (drought conditions)

Biochar

Untreated control soil

This research was carried out under research theme (no. 121031700141–7) and supported in part by grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project no. 18–29-0506218).

Ekaterina Dubrovskaya: study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, draft manuscript preparation. Sergey Golubev: data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, writing—review and editing. Anna Muratova: data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, writing — review and editing. Natalia Pozdnyakova: data collection, analysis and interpretation of results. Anastasia Bondarenkova: data collection. Irina Sungurtseva: data collection. Leonid Panchenko: data collection. Olga Turkovskaya: funding acquisition, supervision.

Correspondence to Ekaterina Dubrovskaya.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Responsible Editor: Zhihong Xu

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Received: 25 March 2022

Accepted: 26 June 2022

Published: 04 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21742-5

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RGB opens new Barnstaple plumbing and heating centre – Devon Live

4 July, 2022

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The Barnstaple branch of RGB Building Supplies celebrated the opening of its new dedicated plumbing and heating centre with a week of events to showcase what they have available. Between Monday 13 and Friday 17 June, hot water cylinder provider Gledhill, plumbing and heating control distributors EPH, piping system company SANHA, manufacturer of sanitary equipment SIAMP, and plumbing solutions and underfloor heating supplier Maincor were demonstrating products and answering customers’ questions.

The new plumbing and heating centre is being led by local father and son team Paul and Dan Lock who have industry experience and knowledge. The branch renovations included moving the in-house decorating centre, which has allowed RGB to increase its offering to include industry-leading decorating products from Axus Décor.

Ed Livesey, branch manager at RGB Barnstaple, said: “Everyone at the branch has worked hard to develop the new plumbing and heating centre and we are excited that it is now open to customers. It’s important for RGB to be able to offer expert knowledge and choice to all customers, whether they are in the trade or not. The refurbishment and opening of the new centre have enabled us to increase our product range and, in Paul and Dan, we have dedicated plumbing and heating experts for customers to talk to.”

The plumbing and heating centre is located in RGB’s Barnstaple branch which is located on Pottington Business Park. It is open between 7am and 5pm on Monday to Friday and 8am to midday on Saturday.

UV Disinfection Equipment Market Analytical Overview, Growth Factors, Demand, Trends …

4 July, 2022

Published

Next-gen UV Disinfection Systems Gaining Prominence in Wastewater Applications

Wastewater treatment applications are creating long-term and stable revenue streams for stakeholders in the global UV disinfection equipment market. Manufacturers are innovating in UV (ultraviolet) disinfection systems that enable safe and chemical-free disinfection of municipal & industrial wastewater. This explains why the UV disinfection equipment market is projected to grow at an astonishing CAGR during the forecast period.

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The long hours UV lamps technology is gaining prominence in wastewater treatment. Manufacturers are increasing R&D in energy-efficient UV disinfection systems that help to cut costs for electricity bills. Robust and modular shell design provides a range of scaling and retrofitting options for existing water treatment infrastructures such as old chlorination tanks. This allows for hygienic, quick, and easy maintenance procedures, while the system is submerged in wastewater.

Can Disadvantages of UV Disinfection Equipment Compensate for Its Advantages?

Although the initial cost of some UV disinfection systems is somewhat higher than chlorination, low operating costs allow for a quick return on investment. However, this is being met with challenges such as only the elimination of micro-organisms in wastewater but no other contaminants such as heavy metals, artificial substances, or salts. Nevertheless, advantages including non-chemical treatment of water, easy installation & maintenance, and low power requirements are grabbing the attention of end users.

Companies in the UV disinfection equipment market are taking advantage of the fact that these leading-edge systems are effective on a wide range of pathogens, including protozoa and viruses. Moreover, UV disinfection systems are being recognized by regulatory agencies, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

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Need for Safer and Cleaner Water Fuels Demand for UV Disinfection Equipment

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USD 150, Why Use Biochar Carbon Sequestration?, 50973438 – expatriates.com

4 July, 2022

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Insights into simultaneous adsorption and oxidation of antimonite [Sb(III)] by crawfish shell …

4 July, 2022

Removal of antimonite [Sb(III)] from the aquatic environment and reducing its biotoxicity is urgently needed to safeguard environmental and human health. Herein, crawfish shell-derived biochars (CSB), pyrolyzed at 350, 500, and 650^°C, were used to remediate Sb(III) in aqueous solutions. The adsorption data best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. Biochar produced at 350^°C (CSB350) showed the highest adsorption capacity (27.7 mg g^− 1), and the maximum 78% oxidative conversion of Sb(III) to Sb(V). The adsorption results complemented with infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron (XPS), and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy analyses indicated that the adsorption of Sb(III) on CSB involved electrostatic interaction, surface complexation with oxygen-containing functional groups (C = O, O = C–O), π–π coordination with aromatic C = C and C–H groups, and H-bonding with –OH group. Density functional theory calculations verified that surface complexation was the most dominant adsorption mechanism, whilst π–π coordination and H-bonding played a secondary role. Furthermore, electron spin resonance (ESR) and mediated electrochemical reduction/oxidation (MER/MEO) analyses confirmed that Sb(III) oxidation at the biochar surface was governed by persistent free radicals (PFRs) (•O₂⁻ and •OH) and the electron donating/accepting capacity (EDC/EAC) of biochar. The abundance of preferable surface functional groups, high concentration of PFRs, and high EDC conferred CSB350 the property of an optimal adsorbent/oxidant for Sb(III) removal from water. The encouraging results of this study call for future trials to apply suitable biochar for removing Sb(III) from wastewater at pilot scale and optimize the process.

Crawfish-shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C showed the highest Sb(III) adsorption and oxidation.

DFT calculations highlighted complexation, H-bonding and π–π interactions as key removal mechanisms.

Sb(III) oxidation was mainly governed by persistent free radicals and electron transfer capacity of biochar.

Antimony (Sb) is a metalloid that belongs to Group VA of the periodic table, and the element exhibits chemical and bio-toxicological characteristics similar to arsenic (As), where oxyanions of both the elements might transform between trivalent and pentavalent species under variable redox conditions (Nishad and Bhaskarapillai 2021; Bolan et al. 2022b). Antimony exists in four oxidation states (-III, 0, +III, and + V) of which Sb(III) and Sb(V) are the prevalent forms in the environment, with Sb(III) 10-time more toxic than Sb(V) (Xiong et al. 2020). In recent decades, natural biogeochemical release and anthropogenic activities such as mining, metallurgy, and widespread use of Sb-containing products (e.g., pigments, batteries, and flame retardants) have triggered the Sb contamination in the environment worldwide (Wei et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2022b). Considering the potential teratogenicity and carcinogenicity of Sb to human beings, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set the maximum total Sb limit in drinking water as 20 µg L^− 1 (Zhu et al. 2021). China and Japan have, however, set more stringent limits, which are 5 and 2 µg L^− 1, respectively (Xiong et al. 2020). Adsorption method using various adsorbents such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene has been found to be an effective and sustainable remediation strategy for the removal of metal(loid)s (Chen et al. 2022c). Nevertheless, high cost of these carbon-based materials has limited the practical potential for their large-scale applications. Therefore, it is of great importance to develop cost-efficient and eco-friendly materials for the removal of Sb anions from aquatic systems, especially for the highly toxic Sb(III) species.

Biochar is a low-cost carbonaceous material produced from the pyrolysis of biomass wastes, with high porosity and abundant surface functional groups (Altaf et al. 2021b; Wu et al. 2021). Biochar has been proven as an excellent adsorbent for the removal of toxic organic compounds (Huang et al. 2018a, b; Qin et al. 2018; Nie et al. 2021), and trace metal(loid)s such as Cd (Chen et al. 2021; Yin et al. 2021), Cr (Wei et al. 2019a; Xu et al. 2020), Pb (Wen et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2021), Hg (Altaf et al. 2021a, b; Liu et al. 2022), As (Pan et al. 2021; Yang et al. 2022), and Sb (Wan et al. 2020; Song et al. 2021; Zhu et al. 2021). Biochar can adsorb metal(loid) ions through multiple mechanisms such as pore filling, ion exchange, precipitation, and surface complexation with functional groups (Hu et al. 2020; Bolan et al. 2022a). To date, due to the limited adsorption/immobilization potential of pristine biochar for pollutants, various modification methods such as magnetization (Zhu et al. 2021), loading of zirconium (Rahman et al. 2021), and chitosan (Palansooriya et al. 2021) have been developed to strengthen biochar’s performance in pollutant removal in aquatic systems. The modification processes indeed enhance the adsorption capacity of biochar, yet the extra cost and energy consumption also inevitably rise (Rajapaksha et al. 2016). A prerequisite for the sustainable application of biochar as an effective adsorbent in wastewater treatment is its cost-effectiveness. The adsorption performance of biochar for Sb(III) removal would be closely related to its biomass feedstock source (Cui et al. 2017). Therefore, screening inexpensive and widely sourced feedstock for the preparation of biochar to effectively remove Sb(III) from water is a need of the hour.

Crawfish (Procambarus clarkii), distributed worldwide, is one of the common seafood for human (Zhou et al. 2021). China’s annual production and export of crawfish in 2018 reached 1.64 million t and 10,801 t, respectively (China Crawfish Industry Development Report 2019). Large-scale consumption of crawfish in the catering industry has rendered the production of a huge volume of crawfish shell bio-waste (Chen et al. 2020b). Approximately, 580,000 t of crawfish shell waste is generated every year in China (Ma et al. 2019). Thus, converting crawfish shells to biochar could be a sustainable solution for the management of this ever-increasing waste resource (Lv et al. 2020). Previous research reported the feasibility of crawfish shell-derived biochar (CSB) for the removal of metal cations including Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺ where cation exchange and mineral precipitation appeared as the key adsorption mechanisms (Xiao et al. 2017; Ma et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2021). The adsorption mechanism of Sb(III) by CSB might differ as compared to metal cations, which remains least understood in the literature. A few studies also reported that biochar could oxidize Sb(III) to Sb(V), decreasing the element’s biotoxicity (Wu et al. 2019; Wei et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2022b). However, the oxidation mechanism of Sb(III) on biochar surface through electron transfer reactions, especially those involving persistent free radicals (PFRs), was not thoroughly studied before.

Since pyrolysis temperature can greatly affect the physicochemical characteristics (e.g., abundance of functional groups and electron transfer capacities) of biochar, it can influence biochar’s removal efficiency for contaminants (Xiao et al. 2017). Understanding the effect of such characteristics on Sb(III) adsorption/oxidation is crucial for assessing the applicability of CSB for Sb(III) removal from water. This study reports the synthesis of CSB pyrolyzed at 350, 500, and 650^°C and its subsequent application to remove Sb(III) from aqueous solutions. The specific objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the adsorption capacity of CSB for Sb(III) under different conditions (i.e., reaction time, initial adsorbate concentration, solution pH, ionic strength, and co-existing substances); (2) unravel the Sb(III) adsorption mechanism using multiple advanced spectroscopic techniques and theoretical calculations; and (3) elucidate the pyrolysis temperature-depended electron/PFRs mediating mechanisms in the oxidative conversion of Sb(III) to Sb(V) on CSB surface.

All the used chemicals in this study were of analytical grade and were purchased from Macklin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The chemicals were directly used without further purification. All solutions were prepared with 18.2 MΩ cm^− 1 deionized water (ULPHW-I, Ulupure Co. LTD., China). In addition, the standard solution containing 1000 mg L^− 1 of Sb(III) was obtained from the National Research Center for Certified Reference Materials of China.

The crawfish shells were collected from a marketplace located in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. The crawfish shells were rinsed with tap water to remove the impurities, and then oven-dried at 80^°C for 24 h prior to biochar production. The CSB was produced by pyrolyzing crawfish shells in a batch pyrolysis furnace at 350, 500, and 650^°C under the oxygen-limited condition, with a heating rate of 15^°C min^− 1, and held for 2 h once the final temperature was reached. After pyrolysis, the obtained biochar was labeled as CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650. The biochar was ground, passed through a 100-mesh sieve (0.150 mm), and stored at room temperature for characterization and further experiments. Characterization of selected biochar using multiple spectroscopic techniques including synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) is shown in the Supplementary Material.

A stock solution containing 1000 mg L^− 1 of Sb(III) was prepared by dissolving potassium antimonyl tartrate trihydrate (C₈H₄K₂O₁₂Sb₂·3H₂O) in deionized water. The working solutions were prepared by the dilution of the stock solution using 0.01 M NaCl solution as the background electrolyte. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using the methods reported in our previous publication (Chen et al. 2022b). All the adsorption experiments were carried out under dark conditions and replicated three times.

Kinetic adsorption experiments were conducted by adding 0.05 g of biochar (i.e., CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650) into a 25-mL working solution containing 40 mg L^− 1 of Sb(III). The mixture was shaken (180 rpm) for 24 h at 25^°C. The initial Sb(III) concentration (40 mg L^− 1) was based on previous studies (30–50 mg L^− 1) (Jia et al. 2020; Wei et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2022b). Samples were collected at desired time intervals (5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720, 960, 1440 min) to determine the residual Sb(III) concentrations in the solution. Adsorption isotherm experiments were conducted by adding 0.05 g of biochar, weighed into a 25-mL working solution with various initial Sb(III) concentrations. The mixture was oscillated at 180 rpm for 24 h at 25^°C before the quantitative measurement of residual Sb(III) in the solution. The impact of initial solution pH on adsorption was investigated with a fixed Sb(III) initial concentration (40 mg L^− 1) at 25^°C. The initial solution pH was adjusted in the range of 2–11 using HCl (0.1 M) and/or NaOH (0.1 M) solutions. The influence of ionic strength on Sb(III) adsorption was evaluated with NaCl concentrations varying from 0.01 to 0.25 M, with an initial Sb(III) concentration of 40 mg L^− 1, at 25^°C. Moreover, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻ are ubiquitously found anions in the aqueous system, and thus they were chosen as the model co-existing anions to investigate their influence on Sb(III) removal. The initial concentration of these anions was selected as 40 mg L^− 1, acting as a typical concentration of anions in wastewater (Wang et al. 2018).

After adsorption, all samples were filtered using a 0.45-µm polyethersulfone (PES) membrane (JINTENG Experimental Equipment. Co., Ltd., China), and the concentration of Sb(III) in the supernatant was quantified using an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) (ZA3300, Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with an Sb hollow-cathode lamp (Shanghai Huake Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd., China) at a wavelength of 217.6 nm. The detection limit of Sb concentration was 5 µg L^− 1. A standard curve within Sb concentration of 0–40 mg L^− 1 was developed using the reference Sb(III) solution. To ensure the accuracy of the data, the spectrometer was recalibrated after measuring each batch of 25 samples, and the relative standard deviation of triplicate analysis was set to < 5%.

The adsorption capacity of biochar and the removal efficiency of Sb(III) were calculated using Eq. [1] and Eq. [2] (Cui et al. 2017):

where Q_e (mg g^− 1) is the adsorption amount at equilibrium; C_o (mg L^− 1) is the initial concentration of Sb(III); C_e (mg L^− 1) is the Sb(III) concentration in solution at equilibrium; V (L) represents the solution volume; m (g) is the added mass of biochar; and η (%) is the removal percentage.

The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models were used to fit the adsorption kinetic data. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models were fitted to the adsorption isotherm data. Information of these aforementioned models and their corresponding parameters are presented in the Supplementary Material.

Desorption experiments were conducted as follows: the Sb-laden CSB after the batch adsorption experiment was separated through filtration, rinsed with deionized water, and air-dried. The completely dried biochar was added into 25 mL of 0.01 M NaCl solution, oscillated (180 rpm) at 25^°C for 24 h (Chen et al. 2022b). Finally, the supernatant was filtered (0.45 μm PES membrane), and the concentration of desorbed Sb was quantified using AAS.

Regeneration of spent CSB was conducted using 0.5 M NaOH solution as a strong desorption agent for 12 h (Wang et al. 2018). The regenerated CSB was thoroughly rinsed with deionized water, air-dried, and added into another fresh Sb(III) solution (40 mg L^− 1). The adsorption/desorption cycle was repeated four times. The adsorption capacity was calculated at each cycle to assess the reusability of CSB.

All the calculations were based on density functional theory (DFT) and performed using Material Studio 8.0 modeling DMol3 package (Delley 1990, 2000). A double numerical quality basis set with polarization functions (DNP) and Perdew-Burke-Ernzerh (PBE) functional basis (Hammer et al. 1999) were used for all calculations. Spin polarization was applied and the real space cutoff radius was maintained at 4.5 Å. Solution effect was considered using the COSMO model, and the solvent was water.

An optimized structure segment containing 55 carbon atoms was generated from a carbon-based monolayer, in which 5 functional groups (–OH, C–O–C, –CH₃, C = O, and O = C–O) were assumed. Sb(III) was introduced to the above sites one by one, followed by full relaxation and energy calculation. The bond length was also measured. The adsorption energy (AE) was calculated as follows: AE = E(Sb(III)*)-E(*)-E(Sb(III)), where E(*), E(Sb(III)) and E(Sb(III)*) are the calculated total energies of clean biochar model, free Sb(III) and Sb(III) adsorbed over biochar, respectively. Large negative AE means strong adsorption capacity.

The SPSS 26.0 software was used to perform the statistical analysis. Variability of data was given as the mean ± standard error (n = 3). Significant (P < 0.05) difference between treatments was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range t-test. Origin 2021 was employed in the data graphing.

Selected physicochemical characteristics of CSB are presented in Table 1. From CSB350 to CSB650, the decrease of C, H and O contents in CSB was mainly attributable to the loss of volatile C-containing components (Ma et al. 2021), and the destruction of N/H-containing compounds (Wei et al. 2019b). The higher pH and surface alkalinity (SA) of biochar, pyrolyzed at higher pyrolysis temperature (650^°C), were due to the destruction of acidic functional groups (e.g., phenolic and carboxylic) (Sun et al. 2021), and/or the formation and accumulation of alkaline mineral substances (e.g., carbonates) (Chen et al. 2020a). The increase in cumulative alkaline elements (e.g., K, Na, Ca, and Mg) with increasing pyrolysis temperature simultaneously caused a higher ash content in biochar (Wei et al. 2019b). The enhancement of biochar surface area and pore volume to increased pyrolysis temperature was due to the decomposition of carbohydrates, and thus enhanced the formation of micropores and/or exposure of the inner surface (Sun et al. 2021; Altaf et al. 2022). Metal concentrations in the CSB showed a gradual increase with increasing pyrolysis temperature (Table S1), which was probably attributable to the volatilization losses of major elements such as C, H, and N, thereby concentrating the metallic elements (Xiao et al. 2017). The low content of heavy metals indicated that the CSB holds the potential to be applied as environmentally-friendly adsorbent.

The SEM images exhibited a denser morphology and stunted porosity of CSB350 compared to other biochars (Fig. 1). An increasing pyrolysis temperature endowed the biochar with more developed pore channels, exhibiting a fiber-like honeycomb structure (Fig. 1). These results confirmed higher surface area and pore volume in CSB650 than other two biochars (Table 1). Results of TEM analysis indicated a rough surface morphology with discernible particles on CSB surfaces (Fig. 1), suggesting the probable presence of mineral substances such as calcium carbonate. The XRD patterns confirmed that the mineral crystals in CSB were mainly CaCO₃, and a small amount of NaCl (Fig. S1) inherited from the feedstock material. The EDS spectra of CSB confirmed that higher pyrolysis temperature enhanced the contents of alkaline metals such as Na, K, Mg and Ca in biochar (Fig. S2). As demonstrated in the TGA and DGT patterns of CSB (Fig. S3), 43%, 59%, and 60% of weight losses were noted in the case of CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650, respectively. The decomposition of CSB350 started at about 300^°C with two maximum weight losses peaked at 457^°C and 713^°C, and the temperature of sharp mass decay was found to be at 737^°C for CSB500 and 753^°C for CSB650 (Fig. S3B). The first mass loss for CSB350 at 457^°C represented the likely decomposition of calcium hydroxide (Habte et al. 2020). On the other hand, the weight loss of CSB above 700^°C was due to the thermal destruction of the mineral contents of biochar (Park et al. 2018), i.e., calcite (CaCO₃) identified by XRD in this study (Fig. S1).

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of CSB350 (A and B), CSB500 (D and E) and CSB650 (G and H); and the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of CSB350 (C), CSB500 (F) and CSB650 (I). CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650 indicate the crawfish shell biochars pyrolyzed at 350 °C, 500 °C, and 650 °C, respectively

As shown in Fig. S4, CSB350 exhibited an advantage in the diversity of surface functional groups over the other two biochars, including O–H stretching vibrations of alcoholic hydroxyl group (3410 cm^− 1) (Wei et al. 2020), stretching vibrations of C–H bonds (–CH– at 2922 cm^− 1 and –CH₂– at 2850 cm^− 1), carbonyl C = O (1580 cm^− 1) (Chen et al. 2022a), O–C = O of the carbonates (1410 cm^− 1) (Ma et al. 2021), aromatic ether C–O–C bonds (1040 cm^− 1), and vibrations of aromatic C–H out-of-plane groups (875 and 713 cm^− 1) (Xu et al. 2020). This phenomenon suggested that CSB350 might hold the potential to adsorb Sb(III) via chemisorption process. As for the CSB500 and CSB650, the stretching vibrations of O–H bond, C–H bond, and C = O disappeared, whereas enhanced bands for O–C = O, aromatic ether C–O–C, and aromatic C–H bonds were observed (Fig. S4). The high temperature-induced degeneration of O–H vibration peak was attributable to the decomposition of the hydroxyl groups bonded by hydrogen and oxygen bonds (Park et al. 2018). The disappearance of C–H and C = O peaks was caused by the transformation of O-alkylate groups to volatile or fixed carbon (e.g., C–O, C–O–C) with the increase in pyrolysis temperature (Xu et al. 2020; Ma et al. 2021). Enhanced peaks centered at 875 and 731 cm^− 1 indicated the promotion of “biochar’s” aromaticity under high-temperature pyrolysis (Cui et al. 2017). In addition, the peaks observed around 605 and 567 cm^− 1 in CSB were associated with O–P–O bonds (Park et al. 2018).

The XPS spectra verified that the increasing pyrolysis temperature led to higher proportions of O 1s, Ca 2p, N 1s, and Na 1s in biochar, and a lower C 1s peak proportion (Fig. S5). The C 1s spectra (Fig. 2 A) of CSB350 could be deconvoluted into three peaks, i.e., 284.8, 285.2, and 288.9 eV, which were assigned to the C–C (50.0%), C = C (42.6%), and HO–C = O groups (7.4%), respectively (Zeng et al. 2019; Palansooriya et al. 2021). For O 1s, CSB350 displayed two peaks at 531.6 and 532.4 eV (Fig. 2D), which represented C–O and C = O, respectively (Liu et al. 2019). As the pyrolysis temperature increased, C = C peak in CSB350 disappeared, whereas HO–C = O peak proportion increased from 7.4% in CSB350 to 12.8% in CSB500, and 18.7% in CSB650 (Fig. 2 A-C). A new C–O–C peak in CSB500/650 was observed, and its peak intensity positively responded to the increasing pyrolysis temperature (Fig. 2B, C), which was consistent with the results in FTIR spectra (Fig. S4). The peak intensity and location shift in C 1s and O 1s of CSB indicated that the pyrolysis temperature was a key factor influencing the diversity and composition of functional groups.

XPS spectra of C 1s (A, B, C) and O 1s (D, E, F) for crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650) before adsorption

Kinetic data revealed that the adsorption of Sb(III) by CSB increased rapidly in the first 30 min, accounting for 92–96% of the total adsorption; then the adsorption rate gradually slowed down until equilibrium reached (Fig. 3 A). The kinetic adsorption data for Sb(III) were fitted to the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order (Fig. 3 A), and intra-particle diffusion models (Fig. 3B), and the associated fitting parameters are presented in Table S2. The pseudo-second-order model best described the kinetic data with the highest R² values (0.84–0.97) (Table S2). The theoretically calculated Q_e value also agreed closely with the obtained experimental data, indicating that chemical interactions occurred between functional groups on the biochar surface and Sb(III) anions (Xiong et al. 2020).

Adsorption kinetics of Sb(III) on crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650) using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order (A), and Intra-particle diffusion models (B); adsorption isotherms of Sb(III) on the CSB (C)

The intra-particle diffusion model fitting results suggested that more than one rate-limiting steps were involved during the Sb(III) adsorption process, as the curve of Q_t versus t^0.5 was multi-linear with an intercept of C ≠ 0 (Fig. 3B; Table S2), as indicated by Rusmin et al. (2015). The Sb(III) adsorption process could be divided into two linear stages. At the first fast-stage (0–60 min), the higher K₁ value represented the high adsorption rate, implying the rapid occupancy of Sb(III) on the available active sites, which was mainly due to the film diffusion where Sb(III) was diffused towards the surface of biochar (Rusmin et al. 2015; Xiong et al. 2020). As the majority of adsorption sites were occupied by Sb(III), the adsorption process entered the second slow stage (60-1440 min), i.e., an intra-particle diffusion governed Sb(III) adsorption into the internal pores of biochar (Liu et al. 2019).

The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models were fitted to the adsorption isotherm data of Sb(III) (Fig. 3 C), and their corresponding parameters are listed in Table S3. As compared to the Freundlich fitting results, the Langmuir model provided higher R² values ranging from 0.97 to 0.99, indicating that Sb(III) adsorption was much closer to a monolayer adsorption, rather than a multilayer adsorption (Chen et al. 2022b). As predicted from the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity (Q_m) was found to be 27.7, 18.2, and 16.1 mg g^− 1 for CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650, respectively (Table S3), indicating that the increase of pyrolysis temperature negatively affected the removal of Sb(III) by biochar. The Sb(III) adsorption isotherm did not fit well by the Temkin model (0.72 < R² < 0.99), suggesting that the adsorption process might not be greatly affected by the adsorbate/adsorbate interactions (Chen et al. 2022b).

The adsorption capacities of other carbon-based adsorbents and CSB350 for Sb(III) were compared and are summarized in Supplementary Material (Table S4). It shows that CSB350 has a considerably higher Sb(III) adsorption capacity than some pristine biochars, reported in literature (e.g., Vithanage et al. 2015; Cui et al. 2017; Han et al. 2017; Jia et al. 2020; Ji et al. 2022), activated carbon (Yu et al. 2014), carbon nanotubes (Salam and Mohamed 2013), and graphene-based adsorbents (e.g., Yang et al. 2017; Capra et al. 2018). The CSB350 exhibits high Sb(III) adsorption capacity in addition to its low-cost advantage, rendering it a potentially feasible adsorbent for Sb-contaminated water remediation. In addition, CSB350 is also a good precursor if we select biochar for modification to obtain greater removal of Sb(III).

The adsorption of Sb(III) onto CSB was insignificantly (P > 0.05) affected by the solution ionic strength ranging from 0.01 to 0.2 M (Fig. 4 A). This phenomenon indicated inner-sphere complex formation between Sb(III) and functional groups on biochar surface (Rahman et al. 2021). The high ionic strength (0.25 M) suppressed the adsorption capacity of CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650, and adsorption was found to decrease by 15%, 14%, and 11%, respectively, as compared to the 0.01 M treatment (Fig. 4 A). The elevated degree of charge screening caused by increased Na⁺ ions might be responsible for the decreased Sb(III) removal at high ionic strength, as suggested by Chen et al. (2022b).

Effects of ionic strength (A), co-existing substances (B), and initial solution pH (C) on Sb(III) adsorption by crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650)

As illustrated in Fig. 4B, the presence of NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻ showed an insignificant (P > 0.05) influence on Sb(III) adsorption by CSB, which was in agreement with the conclusion by Wan et al. (2020). However, the co-existing PO₄³⁻ significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed Sb(III) adsorption on CSB, with a decrease of 56–69% (Fig. 4B). The anion PO₄³⁻ has a similar molecular structure to antimonite (Wang et al. 2018), and they may compete for the same active adsorption sites. Park et al. (2018) reported that CSB showed a strong affinity to phosphate. Therefore, the presence of PO₄³⁻ could significantly impede the Sb(III) adsorption performance of CSB via competitive adsorption (Xi et al. 2013). Moreover, the introduced humic acid (HA) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the adsorption of Sb(III) on CSB by 46.4–52.3%, as compared to the control (Fig. 4B). This could be attributable to the blockage of surface reactive sites on biochar by the large-molecular HA (Wei et al. 2020).

The highest adsorption of Sb(III) on CSB350 was noted at pH 2, up to 3.2 mg g^− 1 (Fig. 4 C). The response of Sb(III) adsorption to the initial solution pH might be due to changes in speciation of Sb(III) at different pH conditions (Xiong et al. 2020). Under strongly acidic conditions at pH of 2, the dominating species of Sb(III) would be electropositive Sb(OH)₂⁺, and electrostatic interaction might occur between the electronegative surface of CSB and electropositive Sb(OH)₂⁺, thus promoting Sb(III) adsorption (Wan et al. 2020). When the initial solution pH ranged from 3 to 6, the amount of Sb(OH)₂⁺ decreased, which suppressed the electrostatic interaction between biochar and Sb(OH)₂⁺, thus decreasing Sb(III) adsorption (Cui et al. 2017). To be specific, at initial solution pH of 6, the adsorption of Sb(III) on CSB350, CSB500 and CSB650 decreased by 30.5%, 21.7%, and 21.8%, respectively, as compared to the adsorption at pH 2 (Fig. 4 C). At a pH range of 6 to 11, Sb(III) adsorption on CSB appeared not to be affected significantly by the solution pH, as the adsorption amount of Sb(III) only slightly varied. These results could be explained by the fact that the predominant form of Sb(III) was Sb(OH)₃⁰ at this specific pH range, which was not readily adsorbed by biochar due to its electroneutrality (Xiong et al. 2020).

As expected, desorption of Sb(III) from CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650 increased with the increase of desorption time, and the desorption process tended to be stable after 4 h (Fig. S6A). After 24 h of desorption, CSB350 retained 88% of the maximum adsorption capacity of Sb(III), slightly lower than that of CSB500 (90%) and CSB650 (90%). The desorption results indicated a robust resistance of CSB to desorb Sb(III) anions. Moreover, the Sb-adsorbed CSB350 was desorbed using NaOH solution (0.5 M) to test its reusability. The regeneration results demonstrated that Sb(III) adsorption efficiency of CSB350 was maintained 83.1% of the maximum adsorption capacity after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles (Fig. S6B), suggesting that CSB held potential reusability in practical application.

The µ-XRF-based elemental mapping of CSB after Sb(III) adsorption confirmed the presence of Sb and mineral elements (i.e., K and Fe) on the biochar surface, with a heterogeneous distribution (Fig. 5). The greater density and brightness of Sb dots were observed in the Sb-laden CSB350 (Fig. 5 A), indicating its higher adsorption capacity than CSB500 and CSB650. Additionally, the Sb distribution area was not consistent with that of Fe distribution area, which might suggest that the Fe-Sb complex formation was not a key Sb(III) adsorption mechanism in this study. The HR-TEM based elemental mapping revealed the distribution change of non-metal elements (i.e., C, O, N, P) in biochar (Fig. S7). The weakened intensities for C and O might indicate the contribution of C/O-containing groups in the Sb(III) adsorption process. The CSB350 containing more C and O groups showed higher Sb(III) adsorption than CSB650, confirming the µ-XRF and HR-TEM results.

The microscope photos and µ-XRF maps of Sb, K, and Fe distribution within Sb-laden CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650 particles. CSB350, CSB500, and CSB650 indicate the crawfish shell biochar pyrolyzed at 350^°C, 500^°C, and 650^°C, respectively. Higher fluorescence intensities indicate higher concentrations of elements

Furthermore, the presence of crystallographic phase of Sb on the biochar surface was investigated using XRD analysis (Fig. 6 A). In addition to the diffraction reflection of calcium carbonate, several new reflections occurred in the Sb-laden CSB. For instance, based on the Powder Diffraction File (PDF) database, antimony sulfate Sb₂(S₂O₇)₃ (Card #34-1097) was detected in Sb-laden CSB650, while potassium antimony oxide (KSb₃O₅) (Card #31–0973) and Sb₂(S₂O₇)₃ were simultaneously observed in Sb-laden CSB500 (Fig. 6 A). Although CSB350 exhibited the highest Sb(III) adsorption, the Sb-laden CSB350 showed no Sb-related crystal phases, indicating the presence of Sb on CSB350 surface as an amorphous phase. This could be ascribed to the low mineral content in CSB350, as revealed by the EDS spectra (Fig. S2), which confined the formation of antimony crystal phases on this adsorbent.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns (A) and FTIR spectra (B) of crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650) before and after Sb(III) adsorption

Noticeable changes of FTIR band features occurred in CSB after interaction with Sb(III) (Fig. 6B). The CSB350 sample was used as a reference to study the role of surface functional groups of biochar in Sb(III) adsorption. Firstly, the band for O–H groups disappeared (Fig. 6B), highlighting the role of hydrogen bonding in Sb(III) adsorption. The hydroxyl groups could serve as hydrogen donors to bond with oxygen atoms from Sb(III), as suggested by Xiong et al. (2020). Secondly, a weakened intensity of aromatic C–H out-of-plane vibrations was noted (Fig. 6B), indicating that the Sb(III)-π interaction occurred during Sb(III) adsorption (Cui et al. 2017). A stable combination of a π from aromatic C–H with another π from Sb(III) anions could enhance the adsorption onto biochar (Xiong et al. 2020). Thirdly, the stretching vibrations of oxygen-containing groups such as C = O and C–O were also weakened with slight shift in peak position (Fig. 6B). These results suggested that the oxygen-containing functional groups on biochar also participated in Sb(III) adsorption via surface complexation reaction (Jia et al. 2020). Instead, a new band centered at 743 cm^− 1 was noted, which could be assigned to the stretching vibrations of Sb–O–Sb (Wei et al. 2020), as also demonstrated by XPS data, confirming the presence of Sb(III) on the biochar surface.

High-resolution XPS spectra of C 1s and O 1s for Sb-laden CSB are shown in Fig. 7 A-F. The C 1s spectra of CSB350 illustrated that C = C peak proportion decreased from 42.6 to 21.7% after Sb(III) adsorption (Fig. 7 A), implying a π–π coordination between aromatic C = C bonds and Sb(III) anion (Chen et al. 2022b). As for the C 1s spectra of CSB500, the ratio of C–C peak decreased from 71.7 to 60.8% after Sb(III) adsorption (Fig. 7B). In addition, in the Sb-laden CSB650, the carboxyl peak in C 1s spectra shifted from 290.0 to 289.5 eV (Fig. 7 C), with a proportional decrease of 4%. The proportion change and peak shift of carboxyl stressed the key factor of surface complexation during CSB650-Sb(III) interaction. In the O 1s spectra of the three CSB, Sb adsorption had a noticeable impact on the peak shift and proportion change of C–O and C = O groups, to positions with higher binding energy (Fig. 7D-F). This indicates the contribution of oxygen-containing groups during the adsorption process, such as the formation of C–O–Sb bonds (Chen et al. 2022b). For instance, in the O 1s spectra of CSB350, a decrease of peak proportion for C–O from 74.6 to 59.2% occurred, which highlighted its crucial role in Sb(III) adsorption on the biochar (Fig. 7 F).

XPS spectra of C 1s (A, B, C) and O 1s (D, E, F) for crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650) after Sb(III) adsorption; Carbon K-edge NEXAFS spectra of CSB350 (G) and Sb-laden CSB350 (H). G1-G6 represent six Gaussian curves and Artan represents an arctangent step function. All deconvolution results are listed in Table S5

The NEXAFS-based C 1s spectroscopic analysis was employed to further identify the C species of CSB350 before and after Sb adsorption (Fig. 7G, H). The assignment of C 1s deconvolved peaks was obtained from previous publications (Wei et al. 2019a; Li et al. 2020). The C 1s NEXAFS spectra illustrated that alkyl C (G1, 32.6%), O-alkyl C (G4, 30.8%), carbonyl-related C (G3 + G5, 18.7%), and aromatic C (G1 + G6, 17.1%) were the dominant C species on CSB350 (Table S5). After interaction with Sb, the proportion of aromatic C = C decreased from 15.3 to 8.3%, and the peak for aromatic C–C disappeared (Fig. 7 H; Table S5). Concomitantly, Sb association resulted in a pronounced decrease in the O-alkyl C peak, from 30.8 to 20.5% (Table S5). These feature changes strongly suggested the interaction of Sb ions with aromatic C = C/C–C and C–OH groups on the CSB350 surface, which coincided with the results of FTIR and XPS analyses.

The Sb(III) adsorption capacities of CSB at different reaction sites were verified using DFT calculations. The optimized structure segment of CSB with 5 functional groups (–OH, C–O–C, –CH₃, C = O, and O = C–O) is presented in Fig. 8 A. As demonstrated in Fig. 8B-F, the calculated adsorption energy (AE) values of O = C–O (-2.94 eV) and C = O (-1.81 eV) were remarkably higher than those of –OH (-0.49 eV), C–O–C (-0.10 eV) and –CH₃ (-0.04 eV). Additionally, O–Sb bond distances in various reaction sites were obtained, showing the order C = O (2.00 Å) < O = C–O (2.16 Å) < –OH (2.35 Å) < –CH₃ (2.78 Å) < C–O–C (3.64 Å). Active sites with large negative AE and short bond length were identified as promising features for Sb(III) adsorption on biochar (Zhang et al. 2019a; Chen et al. 2022b). These results further confirmed the strong Sb(III) adsorption capacity of O = C–O and C = O groups, highlighting that surface complexation was the key adsorption mechanism in the removal of Sb(III) by CSB. The DFT studies also suggested that hydrogen bonding and π–π coordination, respectively, triggered by hydroxyl and aromatic methyl might play a secondary role in the Sb(III) adsorption due to the low calculated AE (Fig. 8B, D).

DFT calculations of Sb(III) adsorption. Basic framework of carbon substrate with five functional groups (–OH, C–O–C, –CH₃, C = O and O = C–O) (A); and fully optimized geometries and adsorption energy (AE) with Sb(III) adsorbed by –OH (B); C–O–C (C); –CH₃ (D), C = O (E), and O = C–O (F). Sb, C, O and H are shown as purple, grey, red and white balls, respectively. Electron density is shown with transparent blue isosurface in (A) with an isovalue of 0.5 e/Å³. Sb-O distance (green lines) in (B)-(F) is labelled in unit of Å

Overall, FTIR, XPS, and NEXAFS analyses and theoretical calculations confirmed the key role of functional groups in the Sb(III) adsorption process. CSB350 with abundant surface functional groups such as C = O, O = C–O, hydroxyl, and aromatic C–H has shown the greatest adsorption capacity for Sb(III). Therefore, it is recommended as the most suitable sorbent in the removal of aqueous Sb(III).

The oxidation state of Sb was examined following Sb(III) adsorption on biochar by the deconvolution of Sb 3d photoelectron spectra. Given the narrow scan of Sb 3d_5/2 overlapping with the O 1s region, the Sb 3d_3/2 spectra were applied to determine the oxidation state of Sb on CSB, and the deconvolution results are shown in Fig. 9 A. As demonstrated, Sb(V) proportion in the CSB decreased in the order of CSB350 (78%) > CSB650 (61%) > CSB500 (45%). It was reported that Sb(III) oxidation by O₂ in the nature is a slow process (Cui et al. 2017; Wei et al. 2020). Hence, the oxidation phenomenon was most likely influenced by the biochar addition.

The Sb 3d_3/2 XPS spectra of Sb-adsorbed crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650); ESR spectra of CSB before adsorption (B-1); CSB350 in the blank solution and after adsorption of Sb(III) (B-2)

Biochar-derived persistent free radicals (PFRs) may favor the oxidation of Sb(III) (Wei et al. 2020). Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis was employed to identify the presence of PFRs on selected biochar samples. All three CSBs generated pronounced ESR signals, and the concentration of PFRs decreased in the following order: CSB500 > CSB350 > CSB650 (Fig. 9B-1). The intensity of ESR signal increased from CSB350 to CSB500, suggesting that the increasing pyrolysis temperature favored the formation of PFRs in biochar (Cui et al. 2017). The decrease of ESR signals in CSB650 could be ascribed to the destruction and reorganization of some organic structures in the biochar (Yang et al. 2016). Moreover, the ESR signal decreased after Sb(III) adsorption by CSB350 (Fig. 9B-2), suggesting the involvement of PFRs in biochar during the biochar-Sb interaction process. Therefore, an ESR analysis using DMPO (a typical spin trapping agent) was employed to identify the specific free radical species. Results showed that DMPO-•OH and DMPO-•O₂⁻ were detected as the major active free radical species, and the intensity of •OH signal was higher than that of •O₂⁻ (Fig. S8). Therefore, the oxidation of Sb(III) might be induced by CSB-derived PFRs, i.e., •OH was the major oxidative radical species whilst •O₂⁻ also contributed to the oxidation process (Huang et al. 2018a, b; Li et al. 2019). However, the oxidation capacities of CSBs (CSB350 > CSB650 > CSB500) were not in accordance with their corresponding concentration of PFRs (CSB500 > CSB350 > CSB650). This phenomenon indicated that Sb(III) oxidation by biochar was not solely governed by PFRs.

It was thus hypothesized that Sb(III) oxidation could also be affected by the electron transfer property of biochar, i.e., the electron-donating capacity (EDC) and electron-accepting capacity (EAC). The values of EDC and EAC were calculated (Fig. S9) and are presented in Fig. 10 A. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, CSB displayed decreasing EDC from 0.128 to 0.085 mmol e⁻ (g biochar)⁻¹, while the EAC increased from 0.055 to 0.130 e⁻ (g biochar)⁻¹. The electron exchange capacity (EEC) was obtained by summing up EAC and EDC. An increasing pyrolysis temperature caused a decrease of EDC/EEC and an increase of EAC/EEC (Fig. 10B), indicating that CSB350 possessed the strongest reducing capacity and CSB650 had the highest oxidizing capacity (Klüpfel et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2019b; Cui et al. 2017) reported that the electron-donating phenolic moieties in biochar firstly might have reduced solution-derived molecular oxygen to reactive oxygen species (ROS, •O₂⁻), then the generated ROS facilitated the Sb(III) oxidation in aqueous solution, and finally Sb(V) was adsorbed on the biochar surface. We infer that the high EDC of CSB350 was the most plausible reason for its high Sb(III) oxidation capacity through an indirect process. The CSB650 showed a stronger Sb(III)oxidation capacity as compared to CSB500 (Fig. 9 A), which might be related to its high EAC and oxidative metallic elements. First, CSB650 possessed more electron-accepting moieties (mainly carbonyl and quinone), which could capture the electrons in Sb(III) during the interaction between biochar and Sb, thus directly promoting the oxidation. Second, the higher contents of Fe and Mn were noted in CSB650 (Table S1), which might be another reason for its stronger oxidation capacity for Sb(III), as compared to CSB500. In a previous study, the presence of Fe and Mn in biochar was found to be responsible for As(III) oxidation, as reported by Dong et al. (2014), which might have a similar contribution to the Sb(III) oxidation in this study.

Electron donating capacities (EDCs), electron accepting capacities (EACs) (A) of crawfish shell biochar (CSB) pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350), 500^°C (CSB500), and 650^°C (CSB650); the relative proportions of EAC and EDC values to the total electron exchange capacities (EEC, EEC = EDC + EAC) (B). The EAC and EDC values are presented as the average ± standard deviation from triplicate analyses. The corresponding oxidative/reductive current responses to increasing amounts of biochar using mediated electrochemical analyses are provided in the Supplementary Material (Fig. S9)

As discussed above, Sb(III) oxidation was mainly influenced by the PFRs and EEC of biochar. The reason for the greatest oxidation capacity of low-temperature derived CSB350 could be its highest EDC through indirect oxidation. Another possible pathway of direct oxidation to Sb(V) by •O₂⁻ and •OH cannot be excluded. As for the high-temperature pyrolyzed biochar, CSB650 had the highest EAC and concentrations of Fe and Mn, and the Sb(III) oxidation mechanism was majorly governed by the direct oxidation process.

Our results demonstrated that crawfish shell-derived biochar (CSB) can effectively remove Sb(III) from aqueous solution, and simultaneously reduce the toxicity of Sb by oxidizing Sb(III) to Sb(V). Therein, CSB pyrolyzed at 350^°C (CSB350) possessed the highest adsorption capacity for Sb(III); and the maximum adsorption was found to be 27.7 mg g^− 1. Batch adsorption and characterization results revealed the mechanisms for Sb(III) removal by CSB350 involved electrostatic interaction between Sb(OH)₂⁺ and negative biochar surface under strongly acid condition, surface complexation with oxygen-containing functional groups, π–π coordination with aromatic groups, and hydrogen bonding with hydroxyl groups. Density functional theory calculations showed that O = C–O and C = O groups had the highest adsorption energy (AE= -2.94 eV and AE= -1.81 eV), highlighting the key role of surface complexation in Sb(III) adsorption. Moreover, CSB350 exhibited the strongest oxidation for Sb(III), and 78% of Sb(III) was oxidized to Sb(V), which might be due to its higher concentration of persistent free radicals and electron-donating capacity (0.128 mmol e⁻ (g biochar)⁻¹). Desorption and regeneration experiments indicated that CSB350 was a feasible adsorbent with robust stability for Sb(III) and great reusability performance. Overall, crawfish shell-derived biochar can be an environmentally-friendly and efficient adsorbent for the remediation of Sb(III) contaminated water. Future studies are needed to investigate the potential influence of crawfish shell biochar on the bioavailability and phytoavailability of Sb in the more complex soil-plant systems.

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFC1807704), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21876027), and the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Foshan, China (1920001000083). The authors acknowledge the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF, China) for providing the beam time of 1W1B and 4W1B. We also acknowledge Prof. Xinde Cao and his team at School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, for their valuable helps on EDC/EAC analysis.

Hanbo Chen: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, visualization, writing—original draft. Yurong Gao: data curation, investigation, writing—review and editing. Jianhong Li: data curation, writing—review and editing. Chenghua Sun: data curation, writing—review and editing. Binoy Sarkar: writing—review and editing. Amit Bhatnagar: writing—review and editing. Nanthi Bolan: writing—review and editing. Xing Yang: writing—review and editing. Jun Meng: writing—review and editing. Zhongzhen Liu: writing—review and editing. Hong Hou: writing—review and editing. Jonathan W.C. Wong: writing—review and editing. Deyi Hou: writing—review and editing. Wenfu Chen: conceptualization, writing—review and editing. Hailong Wang: conceptualization, supervision, writing—review and editing.

Correspondence to Hailong Wang.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose, financial or otherwise.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Received: 06 April 2022

Revised: 17 May 2022

Accepted: 24 May 2022

Published: 04 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00161-2

Biochar: Emerging applications – IOP ebooks (Hardcover Book) (2020) – iMusic

4 July, 2022

This farmer is promoting biochar to improve soil Deepthi San – Green Stories

4 July, 2022

While farmers all over are complaining about poor soil quality, 61-year-old Gajanana Vaze, a farmer from Mundaje in Belthangady taluk, about 17 kilometres from Dharmasthala in Dakshina Kannada district, is encouraging farmers to use biochar for agriculture.

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Biochar is charcoal produced from biomass, which can improve soil quality.

Speaking to Bangalore Mirror, Vaze said the carbon content in the soil has to be around nine per cent; this has been reduced to three per cent in some places in recent years while some fertile areas of the past have recorded one per cent of soil carbon content. Biochar is not a new concept, but is gaining momentum everywhere. “It was reportedly used 2000 years ago in the Amazon basin, resulting in drastic improvement in soil quality,” he said.

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Charcoal is known for its absorption quality. That is why it is used in percolation pits. However, for agriculture purpose, if it has to enter the soil then it has to be soaked in liquid manure for nearly 48 hours.

Explaining how biochar is prepared, Vaze said, “I have developed a simple technique of making biochar. All that one needs is a metal drum and a few pipes. Biowaste could be coconut husk or arecanut shells. The waste is burnt and once it is ready, water must be applied, after which it is transferred to liquid manure. When the mixture starts to resemble sand granules r slightly bigger granules, it can be used in the field. I have dug a hole around the areca tree and filled it with biochar in April this year.”

Vaze said that biochar can be an important tool to increase food security. It increases soil retention of nutrients. The carbon in biochar resists degradation and can hold carbon in soils for hundreds to thousands of years. Reduction in water useuse saves power.

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It also helps microorganisms grow, which in turn helps improving soil quality. It absorbs odour that is caused due to the decay of poisonous bacteria, and controls diseases in the field. Vaze has been promoting use of biochar, and agriculturists from across the state regularly visit his farm.

NOTE – This article was originally published in bangaloremirror.indiatimes and can be viewed here

Is biochar suitable as a construction material? – Envirotec Magazine

4 July, 2022

Biochar has applications in soil improvement, waste management, geo-engineering and climate mitigation. It has also received some attention in recent years as a potential building material, with one possibility being its use as an additive or replacement in cementitious composites.

As a construction material it has the advantages of structural strength and permeability, as well as being attractive as a carbon-sequestering additive. It provides great chemical stability, low thermal conductivity, and low flammability

Ongoing population growth and the desire for a better built environment presents a challenge for the construction industry in keeping CO2 emissions within a desirable level. Reducing the use of cement-based building materials is an obvious priority. Engineered biochar has potential in the building industry as a CO2-absorbent material.

Biochar’s has been used as a construction material in projects employing a variety of raw materials and production processes. The structure of the biochar can be modified via variations in parameters such as the pyrolysis temperature, rate, and pressure (the ones with with the most direct bearing on the textural qualities).

In 2013, the Ithaka Institute in Switzerland produced the first structure using this material, which is currently undergoing testing. In construction, the material has been demonstrated to perform well on both insulation and humidity control. There are also opportunities to use char-clay to improve historic buildings which suffer from inadequate insulation, humidity difficulties, or contamination from chemicals such as lead paint.

Some of the principal applications of biochar in construction materials are as follows:
1) Insulation material: Biochar is an exceptionally efficient media for storing moisture given its textural properties and very high porosity. It has low heat conductivity and can absorb up to five times its weight in water.

2) Biochar-based clay and lime plasters: In combination with clay, lime, and cement mortar, biochar can be used as an ingredient for plaster at a ratio of up to 80%. The Ithaka Institute has created biochar-based clay and lime plasters, with black carbon accounting for up to 80% of the material. This high proportion is possible because biochar can totally replace sand, resulting in a plaster that is five times lighter than conventional plaster due to its high porosity.

The biochar-clay plaster also provides outstanding insulation, humidity control, and electromagnetic radiation mitigation, in addition to carbon storage. When used for inside walls such materials can allow humidity levels to be maintained at 45–70% in both summer and winter.

3) Building bricks, tiles and concrete: Biochar can also be used to make building materials such as bricks and tiles. Brick prototypes haveincluded a binder such as cement or lime and have provided a tensile strength of 20 N/mm2, compared to around 3.5 N/mm2 for an ordinary brick. According to the research, bricks made with 50% biochar and 50% high-density polyethylene have the highest compressive strength, and biochar-cement bricks outperform ordinary bricks in terms of insulating value, hardness, and water absorption.

As a geo-engineering material, biochar has only been explored in the lab and on a
small scale. Research is needed to establish its viability for building materials designed with this purpose, and to establish their usability in the field, for things like insulating materials, roof tiles, bricks, tiles, and concrete.

Future perspective
The Ithaka institute building is undergoing testing. Its performance in relation to insulation and humidity control appears promising – properties owed to the material’s low thermal conductivity and ability to absorb water.

In might be attractive countries like India, where temperatures reach 40°C. Buildings made with biochar will also help reduce indoor pollutants not only by preventing the air inside the rooms from becoming too dry (a potential cause of respiratory problems and allergies) but also by preventing condensation from forming around thermal bridges and on outside walls which would otherwise lead to the formation of mold.

• The author is a PhD candidate in the department of environmental science, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttarakhand, India.

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Phytoremediation plants (ramie) and steel smelting wastes for calcium silicate coated-nZVI …

4 July, 2022

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Xiaofei Tan, Yuanyuan Deng, Zihan Shu, Chen Zhang, Shujing Ye, Qiang Chen, Hailan Yang, Lei Yang

The Science of the total environment. Pages 156924. Jun 29, 2022. Epub Jun 29, 2022.

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Biochar Market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 19% from 2022 to 2031

4 July, 2022

U.S. Biochar Market: Introduction

Transparency Market Research delivers key insights on the U.S. biochar market. In terms of revenue, the U.S. biochar market is estimated to expand at a CAGR of 19% during the forecast period, owing to numerous factors regarding which TMR offers thorough insights and forecast in its report on the U.S. biochar market.

The U.S. biochar market is broadly affected by several factors, including increase in usage of biochar in various applications such as gardening, agriculture (large farms), and household. Increase in production and demand for biochar in agriculture applications is expected to be the primary driver for the U.S. biochar market.

Various Benefits Offered by Biochar to Drive Market in U.S.

The utilization of biochar in offsetting carbon emissions, from natural and industrial processes, through carbon sequestration is one of the major factors that is encouraging the use of biochar in the U.S.

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Currently, the adoption of biochar in the agricultural sector is in its developmental stage; however, the agricultural sector is expected to exhibit consistent demand for biochar due to worthwhile gains. This will help the biochar market in the U.S. to expand rapidly during the forecast period.

Biochar has usability for increased agricultural output due to its properties such as enhancement of soil quality, nutrient retention ability, fertility, and increase in soil biodiversity. Some other benefits of biochar products are maintenance of the pH balance of the soil and generation of healthy humus.

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The success of the biochar market in the U.S. is largely dependent on research initiatives that are carried out in order to establish biochar as a primary gardening agricultural product with proven benefits. In this regard, manufacturers are providing biochar in its purest form and engineered biochar mixes specially made for the requirement of small farms and gardens. In the U.S., farmers and gardeners that manufacture biochar for their own use constitute the second set of manufacturers.

Thus, in order to raise awareness about the benefits of biochar, industry talks and promotional campaigns are being organized, with active participation of scientists, product manufacturers, farmers, industry stakeholders, and suppliers, which will be beneficial for the growth of the biochar market in the U.S.

For biochar to receive approval to be used for commercial purposes, standards and certifications are in place, such as the European Biochar Certificate, Biochar Risk Assessment Framework (BARF), IBI Biochar Standards, and IBI Biochar certification, each of which is framed according to governmental mandates in the respective region.

Need for Research Activities to Fuel Adoption of Biochar in U.S.

Most of the biochar applications (wastewater treatment and energy production) are still unexplored. Thus, raising finance to carry out biochar projects is one of the major restraints for the biochar market in the U.S. The growth of the U.S. biochar market largely depends on research activities directed toward establishing biochar as a prime product with proven benefits. The location of pyrolysis facilities would continue to be an important factor in the development of the biochar industry in the U.S. The location of such facilities in or near to the vicinity of feedstock producing areas or demand centers would help in reducing the cost of production for biochar. The expected introduction of energy credits on use and manufacturing of biochar would further boost the U.S. biochar market in the near future.

Major Players in U.S. Biochar Market

The U.S. biochar market is consolidated, with the presence of key players. Prominent players operating in the U.S. biochar market include Agri-Tech Producers LLC, Cool Planet Energy Systems Inc. The Biochar Company, Biochar Supreme LLC, and Full Circle Biochar.

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soil additive called biochar help fight the climate crisis – GreenStories

4 July, 2022

Image source- https://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID=58638

A decade ago, Jim Doten was on a tour in Afghanistan with the Army National Guard searching for ways to help farmers improve soils depleted of nutrients and carbon.

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Also read : Asia’s ‘Tiger Farms’ Have Rendered a Wild Animal Worth More Dead Than Alive

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The geohydrologist came across some studies on biochar, a material not unlike the burnt remains of a campfire.

Doten’s biochar program in Afghanistan was short-lived, but the idea stuck. He’s since convinced Minneapolis, Minnesota officials of biochar’s value as governments search for ways to not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also remove them from the atmosphere.

“It took a few years to build credibility because people didn’t understand why this was a carbon-negative technology,” said Doten, the carbon-sequestration program manager for Minneapolis.

Jim Doten is the carbon-sequestration program manager for Minneapolis.Photo courtesy of Jim Doten

The rationale for biochar being carbon-negative goes like this: Through photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and it’s released when they decay or are burned. Gathering forest or yard waste, converting it into biochar using a process known as pyrolysis, and returning it to the soil can trap carbon for centuries and retain water while helping plants absorb nutrients.

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Doten first worked with the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community, a tribe in Minneapolis that owns a compost facility and develops urban gardens to promote food security. The city paid for biochar trucked in from Missouri to be mixed with compost.

“That’s a great way to demonstrate the work, but from a climate aspect, trucking biochar across the country negates its climate benefits,” Doten said. “So we need local supply.”

Minneapolis is among seven cities that received a $400,000 grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies this week to invest in biochar. The city is matching the grant to fund the construction of a production plant that will convert wood from nearby ash trees — which are getting decimated by an invasive pest — into biochar, Doten said. The plant will be powered by a low-carbon electric grid.

“Instead of burning the wood for energy, which is also bad for the climate, we’re turning it into a soil amendment,” Doten said.

The $50 billion global industry that combusts wood for power has been panned by scientists and environmentalists, even as governments in the US, the European Union, and elsewhere categorize it as renewable. While some biochar on the market is a byproduct of that industry, Doten said most production was from plants like the one coming to Minneapolis, which will use the nearly zero-emissions pyrolysis process. That’s the case in Stockholm, the original recipient of a Bloomberg Philanthropies grant, where yard waste is being converted into biochar and enough energy to heat 80 apartments.

Bloomberg Philanthropies said all the projects combined would yield enough biochar suppliers to sequester nearly 10,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide each year. It’s a help though it’s only a tiny amount relative to the scale of what’s needed to keep global warming below catastrophic levels. Scientists predict that 10 billion metric tons of carbon will need to be removed from the atmosphere annually by 2050.

“Work like this, no matter the size, is important because it engages everyday people in finding solutions,” Jim Anderson, the government-innovation lead at Bloomberg Philanthropies, said.

________________________________________________________________________

For now, Doten said government agencies with big public-works projects would be the main customers for biochar. A pilot project in Minneapolis demonstrated that biochar along highways helped sponge up stormwater, a climate-resiliency strategy as the risk of flooding increases.

Eventually, Minneapolis’ plant could sell carbon-offset credits to companies that want to meet net-zero targets, Doten added. In 2019, biochar was listed for the first time on a voluntary carbon marketplace in Finland, followed by another listing in 2020, according to the International Biochar Initiative.

Insider is seeking nominations for its first Climate Action 30 list, which identifies the top 30 global leaders working toward climate solutions.

NOTE – This article was originally published in businessinsider and can be viewed here

Biochar market Poised for Steady Growth in the Future 2021– 2031 – Indian Defence News

4 July, 2022

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Bokashi BioChar Blend : BioKash i: 5 Gallon Bucket – Buy Online – 9857361 – Bahrain

4 July, 2022

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Biochar impact factor, indexing, ranking (2022) – Journal Searches

4 July, 2022

Biochar is a research journal that publishes research in the field of Environmental Sciences | Soil Science. This journal is published by SPRINGER SINGAPORE PTE LTD. The ISSN of this journal is 2524-7972.

Also check the other important details below like Publisher, ISSN, SJR ranking, indexing, impact factor (if applicable) of Biochar.

The ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) is an 8-digit code used to uniquely identify journals. ISSN numbers are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an intergovernmental organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government.

Important Metrics

Journal Title:	BIOCHAR
Publisher:	SPRINGER SINGAPORE PTE LTD
ISSN:	2524-7972
Language:
Country of Publisher:	#04-01 CENCON I, 1 TANNERY RD, SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE, 347719
Subject:	Environmental Sciences \| Soil Science

Biochar Indexing

The Biochar is indexed in:

An indexed journal means that the journal has gone through and passed a review process of certain requirements done by a journal indexer.

The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times it’s articles are cited.

Visit to the official website of the journal/ conference to check the details about call for papers.

This journal covers the fields/ categories related to Environmental Sciences | Soil Science. If your research field is related to Environmental Sciences | Soil Science, then visit the official website of Biochar and send your manuscript.

Journals usually ask reviewers to provide their reviews within 3-4 weeks. However, few journals have a mechanism to enforce the deadline, which is why it can be hard to predict how long the peer review process will take.

The review time also depends upon the quality of a research paper.

Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed …

4 July, 2022

Decolorization and organic degradation of wastewater containing multiple dyes are still challenging inwastewater treatment. Magnetic biochar coupled with advanced oxidation is a potential solution to this issue. In this study,a series of magnetite-based biochar composites (Fe3O4@C) was prepared and compared for the removal of mixed dyes,including methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and an organic macromolecule, humic acid(HA). The pyrolysis of watermelon rinds followed by precipitation of Fe3O4 onto the biochar was selected as the optimummethod to prepare an adsorbent and catalyst to couple binary oxidants (hypochlorite and persulfate) for color and totalorganic carbon removal. Persulfate was prone to degrade HA and MB, while hypochlorite was inclined to oxidize MO andRhB. Fe3O4@C exhibited better dye removal performance in coupling with binary oxidants than with a single oxidant. Formixed dye solutions with an initial concentration of 50 mg/l for each dye, the highest TOC (57.24±3.17 %) and the colorremoval efficiencies (94.13±1.68 %) for the mixed dye solution were achieved at a sorbent dosage of 1 g/l and an oxidantdosage of 5 mmol/l for both hypochlorite and persulfate. Multiple free radicals, including hydroxyl radicals, sulfateradicals, and hypochlorite-induced radicals, play critical roles in the degradation of mixed dyes and color removal. Theregeneratibility and reutilization of the magnetic Fe3O4@C composite were effective and stable. The results obtained inthis study show that the combined Fe3O4@C and binary oxidants technique is promising for the treatment of multi-dyewastewater.

@article{ART002811923,
author={null},
title={Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater},
journal={Fibers and Polymers},
issn={1229-9197},
year={2022},
volume={23},
number={2},
pages={450-462}
}

TY – JOUR
AU – null
TI – Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater
T2 – Fibers and Polymers
PY – 2022
VL – 23
IS – 2
PB – 한국섬유공학회
SP – 450-462
SN – 1229-9197
AB – Decolorization and organic degradation of wastewater containing multiple dyes are still challenging inwastewater treatment. Magnetic biochar coupled with advanced oxidation is a potential solution to this issue. In this study,a series of magnetite-based biochar composites (Fe3O4@C) was prepared and compared for the removal of mixed dyes,including methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), methylene blue (MB), and an organic macromolecule, humic acid(HA). The pyrolysis of watermelon rinds followed by precipitation of Fe3O4 onto the biochar was selected as the optimummethod to prepare an adsorbent and catalyst to couple binary oxidants (hypochlorite and persulfate) for color and totalorganic carbon removal. Persulfate was prone to degrade HA and MB, while hypochlorite was inclined to oxidize MO andRhB. Fe3O4@C exhibited better dye removal performance in coupling with binary oxidants than with a single oxidant. Formixed dye solutions with an initial concentration of 50 mg/l for each dye, the highest TOC (57.24±3.17 %) and the colorremoval efficiencies (94.13±1.68 %) for the mixed dye solution were achieved at a sorbent dosage of 1 g/l and an oxidantdosage of 5 mmol/l for both hypochlorite and persulfate. Multiple free radicals, including hydroxyl radicals, sulfateradicals, and hypochlorite-induced radicals, play critical roles in the degradation of mixed dyes and color removal. Theregeneratibility and reutilization of the magnetic Fe3O4@C composite were effective and stable. The results obtained inthis study show that the combined Fe3O4@C and binary oxidants technique is promising for the treatment of multi-dyewastewater.
KW – Magnetic, Biochar, Dyes, Oxidation, Wastewater
DO –
UR –
ER –

null. (2022). Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater. Fibers and Polymers, 23(2), 450-462.

null. 2022, “Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater”, Fibers and Polymers, vol.23, no.2 pp.450-462.

null “Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater” Fibers and Polymers 23.2 pp.450-462 (2022) : 450.

null. Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater. 2022; 23(2), 450-462.

null. “Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater” Fibers and Polymers 23, no.2 (2022) : 450-462.

null. Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater. Fibers and Polymers, 23(2), 450-462.

null. Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater. Fibers and Polymers. 2022; 23(2) 450-462.

null. Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater. 2022; 23(2), 450-462.

null. “Magnetite-based Biochar Coupled with Binary Oxidants for the Effective Removal of Mixed Dye from Wastewater” Fibers and Polymers 23, no.2 (2022) : 450-462.

Biochar Market Trends, Share, Size, Growth, Opportunity and Forecasts – GroundAlerts.com

5 July, 2022

Tentatively called ‘Global Biochar Market Research Report’, Global Market Insights, Inc., has compiled the report having undertaken extensive research and providing an in-depth evaluation of the global market. The report is basically inclusive of a detailed study of this market in combination with vital parameters which may impact the commercialization scale of the global industry.

An exceptionally scientific subjective pertaining to the worldwide market has been shrouded in this report. The examination assesses the important segments of this industry by contemplating its historical figures and projections, In the report, considerable insights concerning Porter's five power model, a SWOT investigation, as well as a PESTEL analysis of the market are likewise given.

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The Biochar market report coverage is comprised of various parameters such as the industry size, regional opportunities for market expansion, important participants in the industry, restraining factors as well as driving forces, segmental analysis, and details on competitive landscape.

The main aim of the study is to entail substantial data and updates pertaining to the market and also to educate the audience on the various growth opportunities prevailing in the industry, which may help augment the business space. A deep-dive summary of the Biochar market in combination with an in-depth set of the market definitions and business sphere overview have been provided in the report.

The abstract section is inclusive mainly of the information about the market dynamics. This is further encompassed of the driving factors augmenting the industry share, business constraints, trends characterizing the industry, in tandem with the numerous growth opportunities prevalent in the space.

Information about the pricing evaluation alongside the value chain analysis have been given in the study. Historic figures and estimates pertaining to the industry expansion spanning the projection period are also entailed in the study.

The Biochar market report comprises all the significant details on the growth rate of the global industry over the forecast period. In addition, the myriad technological developments and innovations that may plausibly impact the worldwide market share through the anticipated period are mentioned in the report.

Top Companies- Cool Planet Energy Systems Inc., Agri-Tech Producers LLC, Full Circle Biochar, Diacarbon Energy Inc.

The regional segmentation covers-

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What are the key takeaways of this report?

A graduate in Electronics Engineering, Ronak writes for Technology Magazine and carries a rich experience in digital marketing, exploring how the online world works from a technical and marketing perspective. His other areas of interest include reading, music, and spo…

Gardening circles are now talking about biochar – and for good reason! This is how you use …

5 July, 2022

Biochar is talked about as the new miracle substance for gardening, as earth-shattering black gold, but coal has actually been used in farming since ancient times. Even the ancient indigenous peoples of the Amazon region of South America transformed the poor soil of the rainforest into suitable farmland by adding carbon to it.

In practice, coal is almost eternal, so coal once mixed into the ground continues to improve the condition of the earth for centuries or even thousands of years.

Read also: Is it worth spreading ashes in the garden? See the tips to help ash work best as a fertilizer

Before mixing the biochar with the ground, it must be loaded, i.e. nutrients must be absorbed into it. Otherwise, it can happen that the porous biochar added to the soil absorbs the nutrients already in it, and the plants are left without.

Biochar can be charged, for example, to use it as compost bedding. While the compost is being made, the biochar loads nutrients into itself there. Adding biochar to the compost is a good idea anyway, because it makes the compost ready faster. Biochar also curbs compost odors.

Biochar can be charged faster by soaking it for a few days in a fertilizer tube, such as a bucket of nettle manure or urine.

It is good to mix the coal with the ground after loading. A suitable amount of biochar is about a bucket per square meter.

Read also: Free fertilizer from your own back: This is how you use urine as fertilizer for garden and home plants

Biochar is made from organic ingredients in an oxygen-free and very hot temperature.

It can be made from any kind of organic material, as long as it is clean and dry: waste wood, twigs, twigs, hedge clippings, twigs, pine cones, straw, reeds and dried weeds down to their rhizomes.

You can buy ready-made biochar in garden stores and in the garden sections of supermarkets, but you can also make it yourself, for example with a conical charcoal burner, whose downwardly tapered shape is ideal for making biochar. The preparation is just as successful in a cone-shaped hole dug into the ground.

Biochar is made by burning organic materials in layers so that embers that do not receive oxygen remain smoldering in the bottom layer of the conical carbonator or pit. It starts to turn into biochar.

A fire is lit at the bottom of the charcoal grill and more ingredients are gradually added to the flames. In order for the combustion to be as clean as possible, the materials to be charred must be placed in an airy manner. When the charcoal starts to fill up, it’s time to put out the fire with plenty of water. This way, the embers are extinguished, and the ingredients do not have time to burn to ashes.

Getting the timing right can take some practice. If it jumps during the shutdown, some of the ingredients will not have time to turn into biochar. As a result of suppressing the fire too late, a large part of the ingredients have time to burn to ashes.

It is a good idea to fluff the cooling embers and make sure that there are no hot spots left. Finally, the cooled coals are crushed by pressing by hand or using a shovel into a fine crumb of about 10 mm.

Charring is equated to making an open fire, so it must be taken into account when doing it forest fire warnings.

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E: 01/08 (MD) Win a Biochar Mixed Bundle from Carbon Gold – MSE Forum

5 July, 2022

Biochar is a high-carbon form of charcoal produced by baking organic matter without oxygen used in a process called

Applications are open via British Gas

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Role of Persistent Free Radicals and Lewis Acid sites in Visible-light-driven Wet Peroxide …

5 July, 2022

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Peroxydisulfate Activation Using Fe, Co Co-Doped Biochar and Synergistic Effects … – SSRN Papers

5 July, 2022

Sichuan University

In this work, a low-cost and stable bimetallic biochar (Fe-Co/BC) was synthesized and used to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for tetracycline (TC) degradation. The optimized Fe-Co/BC-3 exhibited excellent catalytic activity with a k obs of 0.1260 min -1 , which was over 105, 21, 18 and 12 times more than that of PDS, pure BC, Fe/BC and Co/BC, respectively. The significantly enhanced catalytic performance was attributed to the synergistic effects of iron and cobalt, where Co was inferred to be the dominate catalytic site for SO 4 •- generation, while Fe was found to play a key role to the synergism with Co by acting as the primary adsorption site for the reaction substrates. The excellent anti-interferences of the Fe-Co/BC-3/PDS system in the environmental background further validated the superiority of the synergistic effects. This work is expected to enrich the method of efficient synthesis for bimetallic materials and elucidate the rational design for PDS activation.

Keywords: Peroxydisulfate, bimetallic biochar, synergism, tetracycline

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Influence of pyrolysis temperature on tea waste-based biochar property and function as a …

5 July, 2022

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The properties of biochars and their adsorption performance are highly dependent on the pyrolysis temperature. In this study, tea waste-based biochars at the different pyrolysis temperature (573K-973K) were investigated, and adsorption capacities of heavy metals from solution by biochars were studied. TG/DTA and SEM results showed that with the increased of pyrolysis temperature, the yield of biochar sharply declined and reached stable at 973K. Moreover, low ratios of H/C, O/C and (O+N)/C were obtained at high pyrolysis temperature, which could produce more pore structure and be conducive to the adsorption of heavy metal ions. The adsorption experiments confirmed that the Pb and Zn absorption efficiency at 973K could reach 99.98% and 30.49%, respectively, which was the optimum temperature.

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Wood biochar – a low-cost, high-performance alternative to advanced nanoporous carbon materials

5 July, 2022

On June 7, Wood Biochar Monolith-Based Approach to Increasing the Volumetric Energy Density of Supercapacitor, an article by Professors Charles Jia and Don Kirk, was published in ACS Publications – a high-impact interdisciplinary journal reporting on energy research.

Energy storage technologies are central to the economy’s electrification and renewable energy utilization and crucial to tackle the climate change challenge. According to the International Energy Association, the world will need 266 GW of energy storage capacity by 2030 to keep global warming below 2 °C. Electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems can constitute a significant portion of that capacity. While the past couple of decades has seen an unprecedented expansion in energy storage material research, it is increasingly recognized that the volumetric performance of EES systems is more relevant to real-world applications. Supercapacitors are particularly attractive for storing energy from intermittent sources, such as solar farms, windmills, and regenerative braking of electric vehicles, due to their fast charging/discharging capability and long cycling life. However, the low energy density and high manufacturing costs hinder their full acceptance and large-scale applications. Three factors determine the volumetric energy density of a device: volumetric capacitance of the electrode material, operating voltage window, and device packing efficiency.

Wood biochar monoliths (WBMs) have a low-tortuosity porous structure and a conductive carbon matrix, a combination desirable for binder-free electrodes with high energy density. Jia and Kirk’s paper reports a novel approach for fabricating high-performance, WBM-based thick electrodes. Their study outlines a practical method to increase the volumetric energy density, demonstrating the potential of WBMs as a low-cost, high-performance alternative to advanced nanoporous carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes.

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Biochar Market – Industry Analysis by Size, Share & Growth (2021-2027) | UnivDatos – VIV

5 July, 2022

Biochar is a fine-grained product that is designed from organic wastes. It is derived from charcoal through the controlled heating of waste materials such as forest waste, wood waste, agricultural waste, and animal manure. The biochar is used widely in a soil amendment to reduce pollutants and toxic elements and to prevent reducing moisture levels, fertilizer runoff, and soil leaching. Growing demand for biochar in electricity production, rising adoption of gasification biochar systems, and increasing sales of biochar in agriculture are driving the market growth.

Download Free Sample of this Report – https://univdatos.com/get-a-fr…

Moreover, the use of Biochar has been gradually increasing in developing countries because it can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and increases soil fertility and productivity to increase crop strength and growth with fewer emissions. Biochar benefits agricultural crops and plants by reducing nutrients leaching from the crop root zone and fertilizer requirements by improving land cultivation because biochar produces an effect called liming effect to balance acidic soil towards a neutral pH.

The coronavirus pandemic was declared a public health emergency worldwide by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020. The strict guidelines were issued by governments and local authorities, and industrial, and commercial activities even all non-essential operations were halted which had suspended the activities of end-users. COVID-19 has adversely affected the biochar market.

According to UnivDatos Market Insights (UMI)’ research report “Global Biochar”, the market is valued at around 165 bn in 2021 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 12% during the forecast period (2021-2027). The Biochar market demand is increasing at propelling rate over the years and is expected to witness influential growth during the forecasted period as well. Factors that are positively accentuating its market size such as soaring energy demand has encouraged producers to search for the method to improve production and economies for oil wells. In addition, the production of oil requires energy to lift the fluids from the reservoir to the surface. Hence, escalating the market demand for the Biochar to increase reservoir pressure and encourage crude oil to the surface.

Download Free Sample of this Report – https://univdatos.com/get-a-fr…

Moreover, in emerging economies production activities increasingly focus on mature oilfields, and new and innovative Biochar technologies combined with the latest techniques are leading the way to maximize production to enable operators to remain competitive accentuating the market demand for Biochar market in coming years as well.

Based on the Technology, the biochar market is segmented into pyrolysis, gasification, and others. The pyrolysis segment caters to extensive market share in the biochar market and is expected to grow at an influential rate during the forecasted period. pyrolysis is among the most used method for producing biochar. Furthermore, it produces several other key components such as bio-oil and syngas that can be used as a prime energy source for power generation. Hence, these factors escalate the market size of biochar.

Based on the application, the biochar market is classified into soil amendment, animal feed, industrial, and others. The soil amendment segment caters to a considerable share of the biochar market and is expected to witness high growth during the forecasted period. The growth of this segment is primarily driven by the rising demand for organic fertilizers used in soil to enhance its natural rate of carbon sequestration and its quality.

For more informative information, please visit us – https://univdatos.com/report/biochar-market/

The Asia Pacific to witness the highest growth

Based on region, the report provides a detailed analysis of the overall adoption of Biochar in the major region including North America (United States, Canada, Rest of North America, Europe (Germany, UK, France, Spain, Italy, and the Rest of Europe), Middle East & Africa (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa and Rest of MEA), Asia-Pacific (China, India, Australia, Japan, Rest of APAC), Rest of the World. The Asia Pacific acquired an extensive market share in the Biochar market and is expected to grow at an extensive rate mainly owing to the presence of a large and developing agriculture sector in the region. Also, various R&D activities and government initiatives are expected to contribute to spreading awareness about biochar and its benefits among the farming community and would result in increased demand.

According to UnivDatos Market Insights (UMI)’, the key players with a considerable market share in the global Biochar market are Airex Energy Inc., ArSta Eco Pvt Ltd., Biochar Supreme, Coaltec Energy USA, Farm2Energy Pvt. Ltd., Frontline BioEnergy LLC, KARR Group Co. (KGC), Pacific Biochar Corporation, Phoenix Energy, ProActive Agriculture. Several M&As along with partnerships have been undertaken by these players to boost their presence in different regions.

“Global Biochar Market” provides comprehensive qualitative and quantitative insights on the industry…

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Is biochar appropriate as a building materials? – Blingeach

5 July, 2022

Biochar has purposes in soil enchancment, waste administration, geo-engineering and local weather mitigation. It has additionally acquired some consideration in recent times as a possible constructing materials, with one chance being its use as an additive or alternative in cementitious composites.

As a building materials it has some great benefits of structural power and permeability, in addition to being engaging as a carbon-sequestering additive. It gives nice chemical stability, low thermal conductivity, and low flammability

Ongoing inhabitants progress and the will for a greater constructed surroundings presents a problem for the development trade in preserving CO2 emissions inside a fascinating degree. Decreasing using cement-based constructing supplies is an apparent precedence. Engineered biochar has potential within the constructing trade as a CO2-absorbent materials.

Biochar’s has been used as a building materials in tasks using quite a lot of uncooked supplies and manufacturing processes. The construction of the biochar could be modified through variations in parameters such because the pyrolysis temperature, price, and strain (those with with probably the most direct bearing on the textural qualities).

In 2013, the Ithaka Institute in Switzerland produced the primary construction utilizing this materials, which is at present present process testing. In building, the fabric has been demonstrated to carry out nicely on each insulation and humidity management. There are additionally alternatives to make use of char-clay to enhance historic buildings which endure from insufficient insulation, humidity difficulties, or contamination from chemical compounds comparable to lead paint.

A number of the principal purposes of biochar in building supplies are as follows:
1) Insulation materials: Biochar is an exceptionally environment friendly media for storing moisture given its textural properties and really excessive porosity. It has low warmth conductivity and may take up as much as 5 occasions its weight in water.

2) Biochar-based clay and lime plasters: Together with clay, lime, and cement mortar, biochar can be utilized as an ingredient for plaster at a ratio of as much as 80%. The Ithaka Institute has created biochar-based clay and lime plasters, with black carbon accounting for as much as 80% of the fabric. This excessive proportion is feasible as a result of biochar can completely change sand, leading to a plaster that’s 5 occasions lighter than standard plaster on account of its excessive porosity.

The biochar-clay plaster additionally gives excellent insulation, humidity management, and electromagnetic radiation mitigation, along with carbon storage. When used for inside partitions such supplies can enable humidity ranges to be maintained at 45–70% in each summer time and winter.

3) Constructing bricks, tiles and concrete: Biochar can be used to make constructing supplies comparable to bricks and tiles. Brick prototypes haveincluded a binder comparable to cement or lime and have offered a tensile power of 20 N/mm2, in comparison with round 3.5 N/mm2 for an bizarre brick. In accordance with the analysis, bricks made with 50% biochar and 50% high-density polyethylene have the best compressive power, and biochar-cement bricks outperform bizarre bricks by way of insulating worth, hardness, and water absorption.

As a geo-engineering materials, biochar has solely been explored within the lab and on a
small scale. Analysis is required to determine its viability for constructing supplies designed with this goal, and to determine their usability within the discipline, for issues like insulating supplies, roof tiles, bricks, tiles, and concrete.

Future perspective
The Ithaka institute constructing is present process testing. Its efficiency in relation to insulation and humidity management seems promising – properties owed to the fabric’s low thermal conductivity and talent to soak up water.

In may be engaging international locations like India, the place temperatures attain 40°C. Buildings made with biochar may also assist cut back indoor pollution not solely by stopping the air contained in the rooms from turning into too dry (a possible reason for respiratory issues and allergy symptoms) but in addition by stopping condensation from forming round thermal bridges and on exterior partitions which might in any other case result in the formation of mould.

• The writer is a PhD candidate within the division of environmental science, GB Pant College of Agriculture and Expertise, Uttarakhand, India.

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Effect of oxidative aging of biochar on relative distribution of competitive adsorption … – TrendRadars

5 July, 2022

Effect of oxidative aging of biochar on relative distribution of competitive adsorption mechanism of Cd and Pb

In this study, aged biochar (CCB350 and CCB650) were obtained from pyrolysis of corn stalk biochar (CB350 and CB650) at the degree of 350Â Â°C and 650Â Â°C by artificial oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Also, the mechanism of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on fresh and aged biochars was analyzed qualitatively and…

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How Biochar Properties Benefit Soil Fertility—A Review – Scientific Research Publishing

5 July, 2022

Acid-Modified Biochar Impacts on Soil Properties and Biochemical Characteristics of Crops … – MDPI

5 July, 2022

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Figure 1

El-Sharkawy, M.; El-Naggar, A.H.; AL-Huqail, A.A.; Ghoneim, A.M. Acid-Modified Biochar Impacts on Soil Properties and Biochemical Characteristics of Crops Grown in Saline-Sodic Soils. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8190. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138190

El-Sharkawy M, El-Naggar AH, AL-Huqail AA, Ghoneim AM. Acid-Modified Biochar Impacts on Soil Properties and Biochemical Characteristics of Crops Grown in Saline-Sodic Soils. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):8190. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138190

El-Sharkawy, Mahmoud, Ahmed H. El-Naggar, Arwa A. AL-Huqail, and Adel M. Ghoneim. 2022. “Acid-Modified Biochar Impacts on Soil Properties and Biochemical Characteristics of Crops Grown in Saline-Sodic Soils” Sustainability 14, no. 13: 8190. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138190

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The Potential Roles of Biochar in Restoring Heavy-Metal-Polluted Tropical Soils and Plant Growth

5 July, 2022

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Home > Books > Biochar – Productive Technologies, Properties and Application [Working Title]

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Biochar shows interesting and environmentally useful properties, among which is its relatively high cation exchange capacity (CEC). High CEC may lower the easily plant-available heavy metals in soils due to the increase in the soil adsorption capacity resulted from biochar application. Quite a lot of current researches reveal that the extracted heavy metals in tropical soils particularly Cu and Zn were significantly lowered in the presence of biochar at 5−10 Mg ha−1. Heavy metal–contaminated tropical soils planted with corn plants (Zea mays L.) show significant decreases in Cu and Zn concentrations at moderate- and high-level addition of heavy metal–containing waste. The growth and dry masses of roots and shoot of corn plant improved immediately as a result of biochar amendment. Planting heavy metal–polluted soils treated with biochar with thorny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) also demonstrated a similar phenomenon.

Heavy metal contamination and pollution in soils and environment are still of a serious concern since the presence of heavy metal may directly and indirectly endanger living things [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Reports on the occurrence of soil contamination and pollution come intensively from all over the world related to modern industries [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. The negative effects of heavy metals on plants, animals and human beings are also documented in the current literature [5, 6, 8, 9, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35]. One important case of the negative effects currently documented was the occurrence of Minamata and Itai-itai diseases in Japan [2]. These suggest that the problem related to heavy metals in the soil environment must be more extensively studied.

Among the various chemical methods available to cope with heavy metal contamination and pollution in soils is the use of organic materials [13, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Organic materials such as plant compost may enhance the capability of soil materials to immobilize soil mobile heavy metals. Composted organic matters may effectively lower the soil mobile heavy metals to lower their concentrations to the levels that are not harmful to plants and animals. Organic matters may consist of various functional groups such as phenolic, carboxylic and hydroxyl that may increase the soil cation adsorption capacity [2]. Therefore, the addition of organic matter compost into heavy-metal polluted soils was reported to significantly decrease the soil mobile heavy metals [41, 42]. For example, the addition of cassava (Manihot utilissima) leaf compost into tropical soils amended with heavy metals containing waste significantly lowers the soil DTPA extractable Cu and Zn [41]. This phenomenon was observed in the laboratory and greenhouse experiment employing some tropical soils of Alfisols, Ultisols and Oxisols from Lampung, Indonesia. A recent report also showed that the residual Cu and Zn in industrial waste amended soils were lower in soils treated also with cassava-leaf compost [41, 42]. The effect was more significant at sampling time < 10 years amendment [42].

Some researchers [41, 42, 44] reported that the effect of organic matter compost was more significant when added simultaneously with other potential materials. The addition of organic matter compost and lime was shown to better decrease the soil mobile heavy metals [37, 41, 42, 44]. The results of research in [41, 42] showed that the lowering effect on soil heavy metals of cassava-leaf compost and CaCO₃ was significantly greater than addition of organic matter or lime alone. The DTPA extracted Cd from Ultisols, Oxisols and Alfisols was significantly lowered by additions of cassava leaf compost and lime [41, 42]. The residual Cu and Zn were also lower in soils amended with cassava-leaf compost and CaCO₃ than with organic compost or CaCO₃ alone [42]. The presence of increasing OH⁻ ion by the increase in soil pH [45] may have stimulated the H releases from the organic functional groups and thus widened the capability of the soil materials in adsorbing the heavy metal ions from the soil solution. The adsorption of heavy metal free ions by soil materials may stimulate the releases of heavy metals held as chelates and complexes and also soil heavy metal precipitates and thus finally lower the soil extracted heavy metals.

As shown by numerous data, organic matter compost may significantly affect the soil concentrations of heavy metals. Most reports show that various organic matter may significantly decrease the soil concentrations of heavy metals. However, several reports demonstrated that organic matter may relatively quickly decay in soil system [13, 42, 43, 46]. These observations suggest that the use of organic matters to lower the concentrations of heavy metals in soils is limited for a short duration. Their effectiveness is lower for long-time uses. The problem will be more significant in tropical regions where the soil average temperature and moisture content are relatively high. Therefore, other materials with high durability to organic decomposition are needed. Current literature suggests that biochar will be the best candidate for this purpose [38, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62]. As reported by [45, 57], biochar is produced through pyrolysis or charring, causing their structure and composition to be more stable and durable in soil system. In addition, biochar also possesses chemical properties better than ordinary organic materials in terms of cation exchange capacity, pH, specific surface area and nutrient contents.

This chapter was to evaluate the properties and effects of biochar in restoring heavy metal–contaminated or contaminated soils and their effect on the concentration of heavy metals in soils affected by heavy metal–containing materials like industrial wastes.

Heavy metals are detrimental to living things, particularly at high concentrations [2]. As mentioned previously, their negative effects are reported from various sites in the world. Research report in [63] shows the negative effect of heavy metal–containing waste on the growth of water spinach, caisim and lettuce in 23 years old heavy metal–containing waste amended tropical soils. Clearly found that the growth of these plants was depressed at high heavy metals and the growth in control soil was the best (Figure 1). Lettuce was not survived at high heavy metal contents only until 2 weeks after planting (WAP). It is also obvious that water spinach grew better than the other two plants at any level of soil-heavy metals.

The growth of several plants in heavy metal contaminated soil (S1 control, S2 low heavy metals, S3 high heavy metals; lettuce dead in S3, WAP weeks after planting) (after [63] with permission).

The data above demonstrated that high concentrations of heavy metals (in this case Cu and Zn) were detrimental to plants (Figure 1). Their effects are dependent on their concentrations and plant species. Higher concentration of heavy metals gave more significant effects. Water spinach was more adaptable to high concentrations of heavy metal and therefore it grew much better. It is possible to employ plants like water spinach in phytoremediation. Biomass analysis showed also that the plant uptake of Cu and Zn of water spinach was much higher than were other two plants [63].

A similar phenomenon was demonstrated by thorny amaranth. The growth of thorny amaranth was significantly retarded in 24 years old waste amended soils with high heavy metals (treated with 60 Mg waste ha⁻¹) (Figure 2). The retardation occurred along the growing time from 0 to 6 WAP. Low heavy metals (treated with 15 Mg waste ha⁻¹) only slightly lowered the growth of this plant.

The growth of thorny amaranth in heavy-metal polluted soils (C control, LHM low heavy metal, HHM high heavy metal, WAP weeks after planting).

The effect of heavy metals was more clearly shown by the growth of plant roots. In general, the growth of plant roots may adjust to the high concentrations of Cu and Zn and probably of other heavy metals. This environmental stress by heavy metals may stimulate plant roots to work harder and cause plant biomass to distribute more to plant roots (Figure 3). The root/shoot was shown to positively and linearly correlate with the soil-heavy metal concentration. The writer in [64] stated that higher root weight may cause higher root cation exchange capacity (CEC) that may retain more heavy metal cations on the surface of plants’ roots so that less heavy metals may move to plant shoots. Higher soil CEC may then lower the stimulation of the growth of plant roots. High concentrations of heavy metals in soils caused more biomass distribution to plant roots (Figure 3). Higher CEC can be attained by increasing soil pH [2, 65]. Plant roots also produce some exudates such as low molecular organic acids that may chelate heavy metal cations in soil solution and lower heavy metal effects on plants [66, 67].

The relationship between the root/shoot and the soil DTPA extracted Cu and Zn (after [64] with permission).

Organic compost is significantly different from biochar both in the process of production and in its properties. Organic compost was produced by a complete decomposition of plant materials in the presence of microorganisms in a well-regulated condition of O₂, heat and water moisture. Urea N is usually added to accelerate the decomposition process while the soil pH is maintained high by lime addition. Microorganism is introduced through cow dung addition. Low C/N ratio is used as a measure of compost maturity. Biochar is produced by incomplete thermo-decomposition of some feedstocks like woods, leaves, feces, straws, husks and manure in a limited or no oxygen supply called pyrolysis or charring [45, 57]. Therefore, biochar consists of much higher C content and consequently, it is more stable with high durability in soils. Reports of [45, 57] show that biochar also showed several better physical and chemical properties. Some of feedstocks abundantly available in Indonesia are woods, straws of corn and rice, bagasse and dairy manure. Therefore, application of biochar may provide a low-cost method of coping with environmental problems. One example of biochar is shown in Figure 4, which shows the production of biochar from rice husk and the physical appearance of the rice husk biochar.

The production of rice husk biochar in the University of Lampung experimental farm (courtesy of Sri Yusnaini with permission).

Biochar shows porous surfaces so that in the soil system it may physically absorb pollutants like heavy metals. Combined with the increase in the soil adsorption capacity the biochar porosity may significantly enhance the soil retainment on heavy metal cations in biochar-treated soils. In addition to the better physical properties, biochar also shows better, interesting and useful chemical properties [45, 57]. Like organic matters in general, biochar possesses some functional groups like hydroxyl and carboxyl that may bear great amounts of negative charges. It shows a high CEC of 28.8–327 mmol kg⁻¹ and high pH depending on the charring temperature, higher at higher charring temperature. The pH of biochar ranges from 5.81−10.1. Biochar also shows high specific surface area (SSA) ranging from 40.99 to 189.8 m² g⁻¹.

The potential of biochar at increasing the soil pH may raise the soil adsorption capacity. The increase in OH-ions by biochar treatment may dehydrogenase the biochar functional groups of hydroxyl and carboxyl raising the soil adsorption capacity. Finally, through the synergic works of its high porosity, abundant functional groups and potential to increase the soil pH, biochar may significantly immobilize heavy metal cations in soils.

Therefore, the most important properties of biochar useful in the management of heavy metals in soils is its high SSA, abundant functional groups, high cation exchange capacity and potential to increase the soil pH [45, 57]. Therefore, its presence in heavy metal contaminated or polluted soils may significantly lower heavy metal contaminants. Several mechanisms may involve in the immobilization of heavy metals in soil-biochar mixtures that include physical sorption, ion exchange, chemisorption, complexation and precipitation. Biochar may eventually reduce heavy metal mobility and bioavailability [45]. Wastewater treatment with biochar is reported to immobilize up to 99% of Cd, Pb and Zn in an optimum condition [57]. The effectiveness of biochar is dependent on biomass and soil types and also on heavy metals [60].

There are several forms of heavy metals in the soil environment [2]. Of which, heavy metal cation is the most directly affected by the active negative charges of soils through adsorption and desorption processes [68, 69, 70, 71, 72]. The adsorption of heavy metals that decrease the concentration of heavy metal cations in soil solution may, of course, stimulate the release of heavy metals of other forms such as chelates through de-chelation, complexes through decomplexation, precipitates through dissolution, and other soil chemical reactions that may altogether lower the total concentration of total soil heavy metals as shown in Figure 5 [2].

The interrelationships between various forms of dissolved and structural heavy metals in soils, plants and human (after [2] with permission).

The above interrelationship shows the importance of heavy metal cation form in the soil environment and therefore the effort to cope with the problem of heavy metals in soils must be first focused on lowering the concentration of heavy metal cations. The increase in the soil’s negative surfaces was repeatedly suggested to suffice this relationship [2]. The presence of soil solid negative surfaces may electrostatically decrease the mobility of heavy metals cations through immobilization process. Heavy metal cations are strongly held by the soil materials and finally decreased the total soil heavy metals in soils as shown in Figure 6.

The effect of biochar application on the soil heavy metal levels and plant growth.

The quantity of heavy metals held by soil materials is negatively charged surface-dependent. High amounts of negative charges are attainable by enrichment with high quantity of negatively charged materials and/or negative charge stimulating materials. Previous observation shows that this condition can be attained by the addition of cassava leaf compost and/or lime materials that were reported to lower the soil concentration of Cd [41]. The cassava leaf compost may provide high amounts of negative charges to its various functional groups. The lime materials may raise the soil pH that may then stimulate the release of H ions from organic matter functional groups. The addition of organic materials and lime material may then finally widen the total negative charges and may increase the immobilization of heavy metal cations in soils.

The improvement of the soil negative charges by biochar application may give more significant effect on the amount of the soil negative charges since as stated previously the biochar possesses high amounts of negative charges [57, 59]. The CEC of biochar ranges from 28.8 to 327 mmol kg⁻¹ [45, 57]. The increase in soil pH caused by biochar addition may increase the significance of biochar application. Consequently, biochar application may enhance the retainment of soluble heavy metals in soils and finally lower the total extractable heavy metals in soils. This process will provide suitable soluble heavy metal levels in soils and enable plants to grow better.

The relationship between the biochar application, the increase in the soil negative charges, and the improvement of plant growth stated in Section 4 is exemplified in Figure 6. The improvement of plant growth by this process is expected in soil contaminated or polluted by heavy metals. Better growth of plants may absorb heavy metals at safe levels and may lower the soil heavy metals from immobilized forms like soil precipitates or soil adsorbed heavy metals much faster. The danger of heavy metals to plants may also be alleviated since plants may absorb heavy metals at lower levels of solubility in the presence of biochar. By this means, the soil’s heavy metals are lowered by plants that grow better at safe levels of heavy metals. Thereby plants may also grow better in heavy metal polluted soils.

The decrease in soil Cu and Zn levels in the presence of biochar was currently reported from 23-years old polluted tropical soils planted with corn (Zea maysL.) as shown in Figure 7. The lowering effect of biochar on the soil extracted Cu and Zn is clearly depicted. The soil concentrations of Cu and Zn decreased in the order of soil treatment with 10 < 5 < 0 Mg biochar ha⁻¹, indicating that the presence of biochar lowered the soil extracted Cu and Zn. The most possible reason for this phenomenon is that the soil adsorption sites for heavy metals were enlarged by the presence of biochar. The enhancement in the soil adsorption capacity towards heavy metals was also probably associated with the significant increase in soil pH by biochar application. This synergic effect of biochar presence in soils may have finally lowered the soil concentrations of Cu and Zn in soils (Figure 7).

The effect of biochar on Cu and Zn concentrations in waste-amended soil extracted byNHNO₃ (after [73] with permission).

As the consequence (Figures 5 and 6), the growth of corn plants was significantly altered by biochar application, which was indicated by plant height (Figure 8) and plant biomasses (Figure 9). The trend in the corn plant height was clearly associated with the significant increase in the soil Cu and Zn concentration and the significant decrease in the soil Cu and Zn in the presence of biochar (Figure 7). The decrease in plant height was associated with the increase in the levels of amended soils that increase the soil Cu and Zn while the increase in plant height was associated with the decrease in heavy metal concentrations stimulated by the presence of biochar. A similar trend was also indicated by the changes in the plant biomasses as affected by the levels of amended waste and biochar application (Figure 9). The corn plant biomasses including corn roots and corn shoots were lowered by soil concentrations of heavy metals and increased in the presence of biochar associated with the decrease in the soil heavy metals (Figure 9).

The improvement of corn plant height in waste-amended soil by biochar (after [73] with permission).

The improvement of corn plant biomasses in waste-amended soil by biochar (after [73] with permission).

The research result in [73] showed that the related analysis of variance (ANOVA) also indicated that the amended waste levels significantly enhanced the soil concentrations of heavy metals particularly Cu and Zn and significantly depressed the plant height and plant biomasses (roots, shoots, and the whole plant). Several previous research also showed that the waste-borne Cu and Zn in the soils depressed the growth of several other plants including caisim, corn plant, lettuce, Napier grass, and water spinach [63, 64, 73]. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals in soil system are detrimental to plants. Biochar at 5−10 Mg ha⁻¹ was generally effective in changing plant characteristics in heavy metal–containing waste-amended tropical soils. Biochar significantly affected the soil heavy metals, organic C and pH, and also Cu accumulated in corn plant shoots as well as plant height and biomass dry-weight.

The effect of biochar in alleviating the high concentration of heavy metals particularly Cu and Zn was also reported for thorny amaranth [74]. Thorny amaranth was demonstrated to absorb quite high heavy metals from polluted soils and shown to be one of the heavy-metal bio-accumulators and therefore significantly decreased the Cu and Zn concentrations in the 23 years old waste amended tropical soils (Figure 10). The presence of thorny amaranth was shown to significantly lower the soil Cu from 79.3 to 60.0 mg kg⁻¹ (24.3% decrease) and the soil Zn from 69.2 to 57.4 mg kg⁻¹ (17.1% decrease) at the waste level of 60 Mg ha⁻¹. The decreases were much higher or 46.0% for Cu and 24.3% for Zn at lower waste level of 15 Mg ha⁻¹. Copper and Zn showed similar behavior in response to planting but the per cent decrease of Cu was higher than that of Zn, demonstrating that Zn was less mobile and less easily absorbed by plant roots than was Cu. It is stated in [74] that not all lost Cu and Zn was absorbed by plant roots. Some of these heavy metals may have also shifted to more strongly adsorbed heavy metals due to the increase in soil pH caused by planting. Copper was probably more easily and strongly adsorbed by soil colloids or precipitated than was Zn.

The effect of thorny amaranth on the concentrations of Cu and Zn in a heavy-metal-polluted tropical soil treated with biochar (after [74] with permission).

The lowering of total heavy metals was also expected in phytoremediation. As stated in [75], at suitable levels, the absorption of heavy metals by plant roots may proceed fast enough since the presence of lower levels of heavy metals will not disturb the physics and works of plant roots during phytoremediation. The amount of heavy metal removal may be higher at lower than that at higher levels of heavy metals. Therefore, the presence of biochar, which lowers the soil concentrations of heavy metals (Figure 10), may fasten the cleaning of heavy metals in soils by phytoremediation.

A similar trend with that in the growth of corn plants was observed in the plant root and shoot dry weights of thorny amaranth (Figure 11). The waste origin Cu and Zn may have disturbed the physiological functions in plant tissues and inhibited the growth of plant roots and shoots. It is clearly shown in Figure 11 that, without biochar, waste treatments lowered the shoot dry weights by about 25.8% and 36.4% at waste treatment of 15 and 60 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. These values were related to the increase of 8.90 (24.5%) and 43.0 mg kg⁻¹ (116%) in Cu or 6.9 (23.5%) and 32.9 mg kg⁻¹ (112%) in Zn caused by the respective waste addition. The higher the soil Cu and Zn concentrations the more effective the heavy metal effect on plant shoot growth retardation. A similar trend was observed in the same soil samples for other plant species like caisim (Brassica chinensis), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) [63, 64, 75]. The growth of these plants was significantly retarded by the increase in the soil extracted Cu and/or Zn caused by waste treatment.

The growth of thorny amaranth in heavy-metal polluted tropical soil treated with biochar (after [74] with permission).

The root dry-weight increased by waste addition at 15 Mg ha⁻¹ (Figure 9), suggesting that the growth of roots was more progressive under high concentrations of Cu, Zn and other heavy metals. This pattern was also reported by [74]. The study in [64] showed high correlation between the root/shoot of Napier grass with the soil concentration of Cu and/or Zn (Figure 3). However, high concentrations of heavy metals were found to decrease the root weight of thorny amaranth, suggesting that these plant roots were negatively affected by the higher concentration of Cu and Zn at a waste level of 60 Mg ha⁻¹.

Since it is reported to have high cation exchange capacity and high effect on soil pH [18, 35, 36], biochar was shown to improve the above agronomic responses of thorny amaranth (Figures 11 and 12). The presence of biochar may have increased the soil adsorption capacity and lowered the soil labile fractions of Cu and Zn, thereby alleviating their phytotoxicities and finally stimulating the plant growth. Numerous observations demonstrated that high soil Cu and Zn in general decreased with biochar treatment. Calculation shows that the extracted Cu at waste levels of 60 Mg ha⁻¹ were 60.0, 59.8 and 46.1 mg kg⁻¹ with biochar treatment of 0, 5 and 10 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively, and those for Zn were 57.4, 54.0 and 45.5 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The increase in the soil adsorption capacity caused by the presence of biochar significantly decreased the soil labile Cu and Zn about 0.33 and 0.59%, respectively, at 5 Mg biochar ha⁻¹ and 23.2 and 20.7% at 10 Mg biochar ha⁻¹, respectively. The increase in the soil adsorption capacity towards Cu and Zn was probably to be originated from the unique characteristic of biochar that possessed high amounts of organic functional groups that may provide abundant negative charges. Copper and Zn in biochar-treated soils were transformed into less soluble forms with higher bonding energy. The amount of stabilized heavy metals was determined by the biochar-treated soil-adsorptive surfaces. Therefore, biochar 10 Mg ha⁻¹ was more effective than 5 Mg ha⁻¹ in decreasing heavy metals at waste level of 60 Mg ha⁻¹ (Figure 10). These changes may lower the negative effect of heavy metals on the growth of thorny amaranth. Therefore, the treatment of soil with biochar may improve the growth of thorny amaranth in heavy metal polluted soils.

The effect of biochar on the dry weights of thorny amaranth biomasses in tropical soil polluted with heavy metals (after [74] with permission).

The increase in soil pH induced by biochar treatment may have stimulated the enlargement of the soil adsorptive sites caused by the dissociation of biochar and soil colloid functional groups. However, as pointed out previously, a biochar level of 5 Mg ha⁻¹ was probably not sufficient to handle heavy metals at a waste level of 60 Mg ha⁻¹, and the growth of plants at this treatment was in general not better than those without biochar (Figure 12). It is obvious that the effect of biochar was dependent on its level. The level of 5 Mg biochar ha⁻¹ was effective at a waste level of 15 Mg ha⁻¹ but not at a waste level of 60 Mg ha⁻¹. Biochar level of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ was effective at waste levels of 15 and 60 Mg ha⁻¹. The improvement effect of biochar was also observed on plant shoot and root dry-weight (Figure 12). The improvement of shoot dry weight was clear; the effect of 5 Mg ha⁻¹ was more effective than that of 10 Mg ha⁻¹ as also that on root dry-weight (Figure 12).

The increase in the soil and environmental concentrations of heavy metals are reported from all over the world. The increase in heavy metal concentration may occur stimulated by industrialization. Since they are toxic and detrimental at high concentrations, the increase in the soil’s heavy metal concentrations is reported to induce plant growth retardation. The presence of biochar that possesses high amounts of negative charges and may increase the soil pH may enlarge the soil’s heavy metal cation retention. Therefore, the biochar application may increase the heavy metal immobilization in soil and cause a decrease in the soil available heavy metals. By these means, biochar application may also increase the growth of plants.

The biochar application may lower the soil concentration to the level at which plants may absorb heavy metals at suitable levels so that the absorption of heavy metals and the decrease of heavy metals in soil occur faster without physical and physiological disturbance. In phytoremediation, the use of biochar may accelerate the heavy metal absorption without physical and physiological disturbance on plant roots by the presence of high concentration of heavy metals.

However, in addition to its advantages to lower the concentrations of the polluting heavy metals in the environment, the use of biochar shows drawbacks, among which is the fact that biochar is bulky. The levels used in most experiments which were 5−10 Mg ha⁻¹ are of great amount. It will cause difficulty in its field transportation and treatment. This needs further research to utilize biochar at lower levels without decreasing its effectiveness, for example by adjusting its particle size.

Is biochar appropriate as a building materials? – FrpBypassFree

5 July, 2022

Biochar has purposes in soil enchancment, waste administration, geo-engineering and local weather mitigation. It has additionally acquired some consideration lately as a possible constructing materials, with one risk being its use as an additive or substitute in cementitious composites.

As a building materials it has the benefits of structural power and permeability, in addition to being engaging as a carbon-sequestering additive. It supplies nice chemical stability, low thermal conductivity, and low flammability

Ongoing inhabitants development and the need for a greater constructed surroundings presents a problem for the development trade in preserving CO2 emissions inside a fascinating stage. Lowering using cement-based constructing supplies is an apparent precedence. Engineered biochar has potential within the constructing trade as a CO2-absorbent materials.

Biochar’s has been used as a building materials in initiatives using a wide range of uncooked supplies and manufacturing processes. The construction of the biochar could be modified by way of variations in parameters such because the pyrolysis temperature, fee, and strain (those with with probably the most direct bearing on the textural qualities).

In 2013, the Ithaka Institute in Switzerland produced the primary construction utilizing this materials, which is presently present process testing. In building, the fabric has been demonstrated to carry out effectively on each insulation and humidity management. There are additionally alternatives to make use of char-clay to enhance historic buildings which endure from insufficient insulation, humidity difficulties, or contamination from chemical compounds corresponding to lead paint.

2) Biochar-based clay and lime plasters: Together with clay, lime, and cement mortar, biochar can be utilized as an ingredient for plaster at a ratio of as much as 80%. The Ithaka Institute has created biochar-based clay and lime plasters, with black carbon accounting for as much as 80% of the fabric. This excessive proportion is feasible as a result of biochar can completely change sand, leading to a plaster that’s 5 occasions lighter than typical plaster resulting from its excessive porosity.

The biochar-clay plaster additionally supplies excellent insulation, humidity management, and electromagnetic radiation mitigation, along with carbon storage. When used for inside partitions such supplies can permit humidity ranges to be maintained at 45–70% in each summer time and winter.

3) Constructing bricks, tiles and concrete: Biochar may also be used to make constructing supplies corresponding to bricks and tiles. Brick prototypes haveincluded a binder corresponding to cement or lime and have offered a tensile power of 20 N/mm2, in comparison with round 3.5 N/mm2 for an odd brick. In response to the analysis, bricks made with 50% biochar and 50% high-density polyethylene have the very best compressive power, and biochar-cement bricks outperform odd bricks by way of insulating worth, hardness, and water absorption.

As a geo-engineering materials, biochar has solely been explored within the lab and on a
small scale. Analysis is required to ascertain its viability for constructing supplies designed with this objective, and to ascertain their usability within the area, for issues like insulating supplies, roof tiles, bricks, tiles, and concrete.

In is perhaps engaging nations like India, the place temperatures attain 40°C. Buildings made with biochar can even assist cut back indoor pollution not solely by stopping the air contained in the rooms from turning into too dry (a possible reason behind respiratory issues and allergy symptoms) but additionally by stopping condensation from forming round thermal bridges and on outdoors partitions which might in any other case result in the formation of mildew.

• The creator is a PhD candidate within the division of environmental science, GB Pant College of Agriculture and Expertise, Uttarakhand, India.

Exploring biochar as a nature-based solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

5 July, 2022

Biochar, charcoal produced from plant material and stored underground for a long time, can emerge as a nature-based solution that could help in climate mitigation and address sustainable development goals, a new review suggests.

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The review by a team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT Delhi) estimates that biochar could sequestrate an average of 376.11 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent carbon in the soil, and could help India reduce 41.41–63.26% of emissions from agricultural and its allied activities.

In addition, biochar is a potential natural solution to improve soils, as it increases soil fertility and microbial activity; and can be added as a compost. It also can help in water treatment, which would help it address sustainable development goals (SDGs) focusing on good health and well-being, clean water and sanitation, the review led by Priyanka Kaushal, assistant professor at IIT’s Centre for Rural Development and Technology, says.

An added benefit is biochar’s potential use to adsorb heavy metals such as such as lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic. Products made using these heavy metals are heavily used in agriculture, and industries such pigmentation, building materials, and water transporting pipes.

Based on their estimates of biochar potential from various crop residues, the IIT team reports that the conversion could cut down the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; oxides of nitrogen and sulphur; and deadly pollutants such as volatile organic compounds, very fine polluting particles and soot.

Biochar has also shown tremendous potential for carbon dioxide capture and storage, their report in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews says. High surface area and lower activation energy play a key role in adsorption of carbon dioxide.

The scientists estimate that in India, biochar conversion of 517.82 mega tonnes (MT) of crop residues and soil application at 20 tonnes per hectare could sequestrate an average of 21 MT carbon dioxide equivalent of carbon due to enhanced crop yield.

Similarly, soil amelioration could sequestrate 311 MT of carbon dioxide equivalent carbon in the top one metre of soil due to reduced mineralisation of soil organic carbon, and save about one MT of nitrogen and about half an MT phosphorus each year.

The IIT team is the first to offer more precise estimates of biochar production, net energy potential after deducting energy consumed in its production, and percentage efficacy of production, Kaushal told Mongabay-India. For example, one has to factor in the energy used in its transport, and its processing including materials used in the conversion. “We have described the entire flow process diagram and net estimates.”

The research’s importance lies in its attempts to estimate the true environmental footprint of biochar production, says Kaushal. Pre-processing crop residues such as chopping and drying, transportation, storage, and handling, and biochar production require significant heat and energy; as do removing the up to 30% moisture from fresh crop residues through sun-drying, solar drying, and preheat treatment.

_______________________________________________________________________

Also, several factors affect biochar production, the IIT authors report. These include the processing temperature, heating rate, reactor pressure, and the biomass type such as the presence of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, inorganic substances, and moisture.

The findings add to previous findings by Rajpal Shetty, scientist at the Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, and his colleagues on the potential of biochar obtained from different feedstocks. Shetty’s team worked on the potential of biochar obtained from feedstocks such as eucalyptus, rice husk, and bamboo, on decreasing soil acidity, especially aluminium toxicity in highly acidic soils. Acidic soils, a major problem in India, usually tend to have low soil fertility and suppress crop growth, requiring remediation, Shetty explains.

His team’s results suggest that biochar, which is alkaline and has good adsorption capacity, has the potential for treating soil acidity and aluminium toxicity. Biochar from eucalyptus wood was found to consistently decrease soluble and exchangeable fractions of aluminium in soils. Rice husk biochar improves crop yield in only acid soils without aluminium. “So, site-specific study needs to be conducted before applying biochar.”

Shetty says that biochar has great potential for soil amalgamation and reducing dependence on synthetic fertilisers to increase/maintain crop yield. “The reduced ecological footprint of synthetic fertilisers is essential to achieving sustainability in India’s agricultural production in the long term.”

Kaushal and Shetty are confident about the role of biochar in climate mitigation – efforts to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions. Shetty says biochar is rich in carbon and can be added to waste soils and forest lands to sequester carbon. Biochar has been reported to fix greenhouse gas emissions from soil, for example, nitrous oxide emissions, says Shetty. And it will reduce the dependence on the energy-guzzling synthetic fertilisers industry.

An added advantage is that converting crop waste and other agricultural residues to biochar can be an alternative solution to crop burning issues in India, which also contributes to warming.

A study published in 2021, which analysed the carbon footprint of four different methods to dispose of one tonne of municipal waste – disposing in an authorised landfill, disposing in an informal landfill, composting and in a biochar reactor – showed “the very clear potential for climate change mitigation from biochar production using low tech and therefore accessible technology in a typical developing world context.” The study reports that “the carbon footprint of producing biochar was lower than for composting and biochar and compost both had carbon footprints significantly lower than landfilling.”

But Priyadarshini Karve, who started her company Samuchit EnviroTech in Pune, which works on biochar kilns and offers training in its use, says that with agri waste processing, there is a need to be more cautious. “Mitigation is about stopping extra carbon dioxide (and other GHGs) from going into the atmosphere,” she points out. “The one and the only way to do this is to reduce the use of fossil energy.”

One concern is that “one may indulge in excess use of energy and then compensate for the emission by carbon sequestration through biocharring,” says Karve. “This will not solve the climate change problem in the long term. We must mitigate greenhouse gas emissions first by reducing consumption of energy and material goods.”

______________________________________________________________________

There are concerns over the cost implications too. The labour cost involved in biocharring is high and, therefore, converting the char into saleable products may be the only way farmers would agree to use the process, says Karve. “In that case, the sequestration, at least directly in the farm from where the biomass came, may not happen. On the other hand in non-fuel applications ultimately the char will end up in some soil somewhere.”

Karve says the process will have capital expenses and operating expenses, and the portable kilns that her company develops do not require additional land. But the main bottleneck will be the labour cost.

Shetty too says that the biochar technology “is always expensive at its initial stage.” However, the price decreases over time as the demand picks up, which in turn spurs innovation and competition.

India is a largely agrarian country, with plenty of crop residues and agricultural wastes to produce biochar. “So, once commercialised products are available, over time it can be affordable for the small and marginal farmers,” Shetty says.

Another major problem, says Karve, is that in India biocharring will not work during the four months of monsoon rains. Also, there is a need to dispose of agri wastes only during the harvesting season, and there may not be sufficient amounts of biomass wastes available to keep the kilns operational to full capacity at other times of the year.

“All of these limitations have prevented this process from taking off as a business activity,” says Karve. “However it can work as a side business for small and marginalised farmers.” Her company’s portable biochar kiln, for example, costs less than Rs. 10,000. “If the farmers adopt the strategy of using the agri waste to make biochar and manufacture and sell biochar-based products it might even create an additional income stream for them,” she says.

There are other bottlenecks. Soil types differ throughout India, as do the properties and effects of biochar, point out Shetty. “So, all types of biochar may not be suitable for every type of problem and site (in India).”

Also, lab studies need to be replicated in the field conditions to study the true impact before making unanimous recommendations. “So, more research needs to be done on controlling the desirable properties of biochar and also simplifying the processes involved in biochar production,” he says.

There is also a need for certification of the quality of biochar too, says Shetty. He cites the example of some companies in Europe that claim to have European certification for producing commercial biochar like NOVO CARBO GMBH, Swiss Biochar GmbH, Sonnenerde, and Carbonex.

Biochar application is at a nascent stage in Indian agriculture. It would require extensive adoption of biochar as an eco-fertiliser to benefit enhanced soil health and crop yields.

Banner image: Pine needle briquettes produced by Society for Farmers’ Development, Nagwain, Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh. Photo by Chinchu.c/Wikimedia Commons.

NOTE – This article was originally published in india mongabay and can be viewed here

Global Biochar Market is expected to grow by USD 587.7 million in 2030 at a CAGR of 13.30%

5 July, 2022

The Global Biochar Market size was valued at USD 171.2 million in 2021 and is expected to grow by USD 587.7 million in 2030 at a CAGR of 13.30% during the forecast period.

Biochar is a type of charcoal made by heating waste materials such as agricultural waste, forest waste, wood waste, and animal dung under controlled circumstances. It is frequently used as a soil amendment to reduce pollution and toxic elements, as well as to avoid soil leaching, moisture loss, and fertilizer runoff, among other applications. Environmental awareness, lower raw material costs, and consistent government waste management policies are expected to open up more business opportunities.

Request for a Free Sample PDF of the Biochar Market: https://extrapolate.com/sample/Chemicals-and-Advanced-Materials/biochar-market/25771?utm_source=wordpress-8024&utm_medium=0705

The most recent research report on the Global Biochar Market Research 2022-2030 discusses upcoming trends as well as an in-depth analysis of the Biochar market’s global regional landscape. Furthermore, the global Biochar market report assesses comprehensive details such as demand and supply rate, significant contribution by leading industry manufacturers, Biochar market share, and Biochar industry growth rate.

In order to gather information about the Global Biochar market, extensive secondary research was conducted in this study. In addition, primary research on individual businesses was conducted to back up the stated assumptions and findings. The Biochar market research report is defined as basic insightful data about the topological landscape of the companies and respective businesses that have accumulated a highly regarded position in the global Biochar market.

We’ve also included a summary of its major manufacturers’ revenue share, production, consumption volume, sales price, import & export, and gross margin. In addition, the Biochar market has been divided into segments based on upstream raw materials, definitions, downstream consumers, and equipment analysis. The global Biochar market report also includes information on upcoming trends, the competitive landscape, Biochar market influencing factors, and key statistics for each industry.

In order to optimize various industrial strategies, advertising methods, and global and regional sales impacts on the Biochar market, the global Biochar market report has been segmented by application, major manufacturers, product types, and topological zones. The Biochar market report thoroughly investigates several significant parameters such as Biochar market share, investments, revenue growth, globalization demand and supply factors. The research paper also compares the production value and growth rate of the Biochar market across different geographies. It also focuses on top consumers, consumption, product capacity, market share, and expected growth opportunities.

Top Players involved in this report are:

Airex Énergie Inc., 3R-BioPhosphate Kft., and American BioChar Company

Global Biochar Market segmentation by Types:

Pyrolysis
Gasification

The Application of the Biochar market can be divided as:

Farming
Livestock
Power Generation
Others

Geographical outlook of this report:

• North America
• Europe
• Asia-Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Read Complete Analysis Report With Table Of Content: https://extrapolate.com/Chemicals-and-Advanced-Materials/biochar-market/25771?utm_source=wordpress-8024&utm_medium=0705

The competitive assessment of the prominent industry players is also encompassed in the global Biochar market which is responsible to recognize direct or indirect competitors present in the industry. It offers company profiles of the Biochar industry players in accordance with product picture and its portfolios, Biochar market plans, and technology. We have also mentioned strength and weaknesses of the Biochar market alongside the competitive benefits which improves productivity and efficiency of the companies.

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Biochar – a soil enhancer for (nearly) all cases – Rural21

5 July, 2022

Soil health is more important today than ever before. Carbon and the structure of soil go hand in hand. Soil fertility results from the presence of organic carbon, i.e. carbon-based molecules which have their origin in everything that was once alive. Healthy soils need a carbon content of nearly five per cent, and without sufficient solid carbon, soil tends to lose basic structure and properties. Carbon present in soil is a major active pool of terrestrial carbon. Total carbon in terrestrial ecosystems is estimated to be around 3,170 gigatons, of which nearly 80 per cent (i.e. 2,500 gigatons) is found in soil. Converting land under natural or unmanaged vegetation to crop production releases large amounts of carbon from standing biomass and soil. As a result, soil organic carbon targets, policies and measures will play a pivotal role in the intended nationally determined contributions (INDC) set by the countries for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in achieving the global climate targets.

There is a need to explore materials that can simultaneously help in soil health improvement and climate change mitigation. Biochar is a carbonaceous material with unique physicochemical properties. It has received significant attention in the last decade thanks to its multifaceted benefits related to the broader fields of climate change, agriculture, wastewater treatment and soil health. Biochar is reported to significantly enhance the soil quality and crop yield, carbon sequestration and reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane). It is produced through the pyrolysis process by heating biomass (namely tree and crop residues, grasses, manures, agricultural wastes and wastewater sludge, etc.) at temperatures between 350 and 600 °C in the absence of oxygen. Biochar is a great source of carbon sequestration as this carbon can be stored in the soil ranging from a few years to an excess of 1,000 years. It would otherwise end up being in the environment acting as a cause of greenhouse gases. It is estimated that one ton of biochar added to the soil can sequester approximately 2.2–3.0 tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Research revealed that around 12 per cent of the total anthropogenic carbon emissions (0.21 petagrams) resulting from change in land use could be offset annually in soil, if slash-and-burn was substituted by slash-and-char practice.

The technique of using biochar to improve soil health has been known since ancient times. The indigenous people of the Amazon Basin produced biochar and thus improved the soil, which was not very fertile. The discovery of this high fertility in ancient dark, carbon-rich soils called “Terra Preta” has made researchers world-wide curious about biochar and its impact on soil. Researchers are increasingly investigating the effect of biochar on soil properties with large-scale field trials as it acts as a carrier for nutrients and a habitat for microorganisms present in the soil.

Carbon makes essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium available to plants and decomposing microorganisms. Soil carbon is known to manage the efficient nutrient supply to the plants. It reduces nutrient loss in groundwater, thus enhancing transfer to the plants. Scientific investigations also indicate positive effects on water retention capacity, which ultimately results in a lesser requirement of water for crop production, as well as reducing energy requirement for irrigation. Furthermore, the presence of biochar lowers soil bulk density, which provides a better environment for seed germination and root expansion. In addition, biochar can immobilise toxic elements in contaminated soils.

Loss of soil carbon induced by agriculture is the second-highest anthropogenic source of global carbon emissions after the energy sector, with a 20 per cent contribution to total greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, sustainable and zero-emission agricultural practices are urgently needed that can increase soil organic matter while capturing greenhouse gases from the environment and fixing them in the soil. This fixation of the carbon in the soil would benefit the soil’s health and lower the climate impacts. Soil carbon plays a vital role in establishing the right balance between chemical, physical and biological properties. Biochar becomes an essential tool for maintaining crop productivity in addition to soil health. It helps in improving water holding capacity, redox properties, sorption capacity, maintaining pH and nutrient retention. Biochar amendment presents a cyclic approach where it would help in higher crop production, and this enhanced production would utilise more CO₂ from the environment and produce higher biomass quantity which can then be converted to biochar. Therefore, soil can act as a carbon sink, which is a win-win situation for all.

However, the use of biochar also has some disadvantages that need to be taken into account. So it is noteworthy that biochar does not always increase productivity. The type of soil, agro-climatic zone and biochar application rates are essential in determining the positive or negative impact. If the soil is already nutrient-rich, then biochar tends to have a negative or neutral effect due to nutrient immobilisation. For instance, in general, biochar is highly useful in tropical regions or degraded soil, whereas it only has moderate effects in temperate regions. The application of biochar produced from different biomass feedstocks cannot always provide the same effect for the same soil property in less fertile soils. Thus, the application of suitable biochar to the appropriate soil type should be carefully considered when improvement in a particular soil function is desired.

The impact of biochar amendment on the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil, as well as soil health and agricultural productivity, depends upon the existing soil characteristics, such as pH levels, water retention, cation exchange capacity (CEC) – i.e. the soil’s ability to absorb positively charged ions, nutrient transfer, etc. Opposite effects on physical properties of soil, such as water retention, compactibility, and air transport properties, are reported for biochar application to coarse-grained and fine-grained soil due to the fundamental differences in structure-forming potential (leading to macro-porosity), pore-size distribution and connectivity of the pores. The advantages of biochar application on chemical properties of the soil, for example, get influenced by the soil’s original buffering capacity, surface charge type and density, amount and stability of soil organic matter. Thus, the effects are always specific to the soil and the application site.

The type of biomass which biochar has been produced from is another important aspect. For example, it should not be gained from sewage sludge and placed in the soil, as the heavy metals from the sewage sludge can contaminate the soil and lead to food contamination. Furthermore, some researchers report an increase in methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the soil during the crop cycle, especially for paddy where the water logging creates less aerobic conditions, leading to an increase in these emissions. However, there is a need for more scientific evidence here.

Research and development in biochar has been vast. Its advantages are obvious. It is a cheap, sustainable, easy to prepare biomaterial which can also be produced by farmers locally. Its applications related to adsorption have been primarily focused upon in industries, and the same adsorptive properties can also play a vital role in soil health improvement for agriculture by holding more nutrients, preventing leaching and increasing water retention. Biochar production through the pyrolysis process is also a sustainable process which produces bio-oil and synthesis gas (a fuel gas mixture). This bio-oil can be utilised for running engines whereas part of the gases can be used during the pyrolysis of biomass.

There are many laboratory-based experimental studies that indicate positive effects of biochar on soil. But there are also studies which have indicated that biochar amendment effects on soil properties and crop productivity faded with time. Hence, there is a need for well-designed long term (>one year) field trials on varied representative soils to facilitate useful recommendations to farmers and researchers on the suitable biomass feedstocks, biochar production parameters, biochar application rates and appropriate soil types.

Vandit Vijay completed his PhD from IIT Delhi, India, on “Development of a rural energy self-sufficiency model using biomass resources”. Post-PhD, he worked as an Outstation Post-doctoral Research Scientist with TU Delft, The Netherlands, on carbon neutral coffee plantations.

Komalkant Adlak is currently pursuing his PhD from IIT Delhi on ”Utilization of biochar for enhanced biogas separation and biomethane storage”.

Contact: vanditvijay(at)gmail.com

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Role of Persistent Free Radicals and Lewis Acid sites in Visible-light-driven Wet Peroxide …

5 July, 2022

We report the synthesis of H₂SO₄-modified biochars (SBCs) as solid-acid catalysts to activate H₂O₂ at circumneutral pH under visible light radiation. Spent coffee grinds were pyrolyzed with TiO₂ at 300, 500 and 600 ^oC followed by steeping in 5 M H₂SO₄ and were used for the Fenton-like degradation of methyl orange (MO). The catalytic activity of SBC depended on the pyrolysis temperature and correlated well with the surface acidity and persistent free radical (PFR) concentration. Results showed that a complete MO removal and a TOC reduction of 70.2% can be achieved with SBC500 under photo-Fenton conditions. However, poisoning of the Lewis acid sites on SBC by PO₄^3- led to a dramatic decrease in the removal of MO with inhibition effects more pronounced than with radical scavengers, suggesting the key role played by acid-sites on the activation of H₂O₂. Finally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies identified •OH as the key transient in the degradation followed by •O₂^– and ¹O₂. These findings suggest that H₂O₂ was likely adsorbed on the surface oxygenated functional groups before being decomposed by accepting electrons from the PFRs on the SBC surface.

我们报告了 H ₂ SO ₄改性生物炭 (SBC) 作为固体酸催化剂的合成，以在可见光辐射下在中性 pH 值下激活 H ₂ O _{2 。}用过的咖啡研磨物在 300、500 和 600 ^{o C 下用 TiO}₂热解，然后浸泡在 5 M H ₂ SO _4中并用于甲基橙（MO）的类芬顿降解。SBC 的催化活性取决于热解温度，并与表面酸度和持久性自由基 (PFR) 浓度密切相关。结果表明，在光芬顿条件下，使用 SBC500 可以实现完全的 MO 去除和 70.2% 的 TOC 降低。然而，PO ₄^3-对 SBC 上的 Lewis 酸位点的毒化导致 MO 的去除显着减少，抑制效果比自由基清除剂更明显，表明酸位点在 H ₂活化中起关键作用氧₂。最后，电子顺磁共振 (EPR) 研究确定 •OH 是降解过程中的关键瞬态，其次是 •O ₂^–和¹ O ₂。这些发现表明，H ₂ O ₂很可能在通过接受来自 SBC 表面上的 PFR 的电子而分解之前吸附在表面氧化的官能团上。

Vow ASA: Vow technology BioGreen selected by NSR for Sweden's first biochar research …

6 July, 2022

BioGreen by Vow has been awarded a distinguished place in a biochar demonstration plant in a brand new research centre opened by NSR in Sweden earlier this month. The research centre is the first of its type globally and is one in all seven amenities receiving funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies.

In the start of June this 12 months, NSR (Nordvästra Skånes Renhållnings AB) inaugurated Sweden’s largest manufacturing facility for biochar produced from backyard waste.

The plant will produce 1,500 tonnes of biochar yearly from 7,000 tonnes of backyard waste from town parks and gardens of residents of Helsingborg. As a by-product of the method, a surplus of simply over 11 GWh of district heating can also be produced, offering heating to roughly 700 households every year.

At the identical time and on a close-by location, a one-of-a-kind research centre for biochar was opened. The research centre is one in all seven amenities globally receiving funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies, as a imply to scale up the potential of biochar pyCCS as a serious resolution to fight local weather change.

BioGreen pyrolysis technology from Vow was selected for each amenities. The technology can be utilized in a broad vary of purposes for turning natural waste and biomass into invaluable assets reminiscent of biochar and CO2 impartial vitality.

The biochar from the NSR facility might be used for quite a lot of purposes, together with soil enchancment. Because the biochar is a porous natural materials, it will increase water retention and makes room for the microorganisms that maintain the soil alive and fertile. The research centre can even present for elevated data of the attainable makes use of and totally different traits of all kinds of feedstock.

“We are proud to be selected to provide our technology to such an important initiative as the NSR research centre. This shows that the BioGreen technology is relevant, and more importantly that the employees of Vow have unique competence and experience within pyrolysis and process technology.”, says Henrik Badin, CEO of Vow ASA.

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“The biochar research centre will be an important meeting point for students, researchers and companies in several industries that are chasing opportunities for decarbonisation. We are excited to use Vow’s world leading technology to facilitate for education, research and development within this important area”, says Ulf Molén, CEO of NSR.

About NSR NSR (Nordvästra Skånes Renhållnings AB) is a number one recycling firm in Sweden whose goal is to deal with and recycle waste in the very best option to create a long run sustainable and environmentally suitable society. NSR is owned by the six northwest Skåne municipalities of Bjuv, Båstad, Helsingborg, Höganäs, Åstorp and Ängelholm.

About Bloomberg Philanthropies Bloomberg Philanthropies work to enhance the lives of tens of millions of individuals in 941 cities and 173 international locations. Encompassing all of Mike Bloomberg’s giving, Bloomberg Philanthropies consists of his basis, company, and private philanthropy in addition to Bloomberg Associates, a professional bono consultancy that works with mayors in cities around the globe.

For extra data, please contact

Henrik Badin, CEO, Vow ASA Tel: + 47 90 78 98 25 Email: henrik.badin@vowasa.com

Erik Magelssen, CFO, Vow ASA Tel: +47 928 88 728 Email: erik.magelssen@vowasa.com

About Vow Vow and its subsidiaries Scanship, C.H. Evensen and Etia are captivated with stopping air pollution. The firm’s world main options convert biomass and waste into invaluable assets and generate clear vitality for a variety of industries.

Cruise ships on each ocean have Vow technology inside which processes waste and purifies wastewater. Fish farmers are adopting comparable options, and public utilities and industries use our options for sludge processing, waste administration and biogas manufacturing on land.

With superior applied sciences and options, Vow turns waste into biogenetic fuels to assist decarbonise trade and convert plastic waste into gas, clear vitality, and high-value pyro carbon. The options are scalable, standardised, patented, and completely documented, and the corporate’s functionality to ship is nicely confirmed. They are key to finish waste and cease air pollution.

Located in Oslo, the guardian firm Vow ASA is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (ticker VOW).

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Zein composite film with excellent toughness: Effects of pyrolysis biochar and hydrochar …

6 July, 2022

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Zein composite film with excellent toughness: Effects of pyrolysis biochar and hydrochar … – X-MOL

6 July, 2022

The novelty of this study is providing a new toughening strategy in terms of the challenge of improving the poor toughness of zein film. Two types of biochar, pyrolysis biochar (PB) and hydrochar microspheres (HM), were blended into the zein system through solution casting to develop zein composite films with excellent toughness. The effects of biochar types and contents on the mechanical properties of the resulting composite films were investigated. The results indicated that better compatibility of zein composite films was achieved due to the hydrogen bond formed by biochar and hydrophilic amino acid in zein. A better surface structure of HM composite films was obtained than PB composite films by the uniform size and regular shape of HM. Better thermal stability shown in PB contributed to better thermal properties in the zein system than HM. Mechanical properties showed that tensile strength and modulus were increased with increasing PB or HM contents. Although increasing PB or HM contents decreased the elongation at break, the elongation at break reached a maximum of 475.47% at 0.1g HM added composite film showing excellent toughness due to the strong interface binding and micro-nano size effect. The composite films prepared in this study have broad application prospects in packaging and agricultural films.

本研究的新颖之处在于针对改善玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜韧性差的挑战提供了一种新的增韧策略。通过溶液流延将两种类型的生物炭热解生物炭（PB）和水炭微球（HM）混合到玉米醇溶蛋白体系中，开发出具有优异韧性的玉米醇溶蛋白复合膜。研究了生物炭类型和含量对所得复合薄膜力学性能的影响。结果表明，由于生物炭与玉米醇溶蛋白中的亲水氨基酸形成氢键，玉米醇溶蛋白复合膜具有更好的相容性。由于HM的尺寸均匀、形状规则，HM复合薄膜的表面结构优于PB复合薄膜。与 HM 相比，PB 中显示的更好的热稳定性有助于玉米蛋白体系中更好的热性能。力学性能表明，拉伸强度和模量随着PB或HM含量的增加而增加。虽然增加 PB 或 HM 含量会降低断裂伸长率，但在 0.1g HM 添加复合膜时，断裂伸长率达到最大值 475.47%，由于强界面结合和微纳米尺寸效应，表现出优异的韧性。本研究制备的复合薄膜在包装和农用薄膜方面具有广阔的应用前景。

Waste-derived biochar for water pollution control and sustainable development

6 July, 2022

Biochar, a carbon-rich material made from the partial combustion of biomass wastes, is an emerging material of interest as it can remediate pollutants and serve as a negative carbon emission technology. In this Review, we discuss the application of biochar in municipal wastewater treatment, industrial wastewater decontamination and stormwater management in the context of sustainable development. By customizing the biomass feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions, biochar can be engineered to have distinct surface physicochemical properties to make it more efficient at targeting priority contaminants in industrial wastewater treatment via adsorption, precipitation, surface redox reactions and catalytic degradation processes. Biochar enhances flocculation, dewatering, adsorption and oxidation processes during municipal wastewater treatment, which in turn aids sludge management, odour mitigation and nutrient recovery. The addition of biochar to sustainable drainage systems decreases potential stormwater impact by improving the structure, erosion resistance, water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity of soils as well as removing pollutants. The feasibility of scaling up engineered biochar production with versatile, application-oriented functionalities must be investigated in collaboration with multidisciplinary stakeholders to maximize the environmental, societal and economic benefits.

}

Waste-derived biochar for water pollution control and sustainable development. / He, Mingjing; Xu, Zibo; Hou, Deyi et al.

TY – JOUR

T1 – Waste-derived biochar for water pollution control and sustainable development

AU – He, Mingjing

AU – Xu, Zibo

AU – Hou, Deyi

AU – Gao, Bin

AU – Cao, Xinde

AU – Ok, Yong Sik

AU – Rinklebe, Jörg

AU – Bolan, Nanthi S.

AU – Tsang, Daniel C.W.

N1 – Funding Information: The authors appreciate financial support from the Hong Kong Green Tech Fund (GTF202020153), Hong Kong Environment and Conservation Fund (ECF Project 101/2020) and Hong Kong Research Grants Council (PolyU 15222020) for this study. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Springer Nature Limited.

PY – 2022

Y1 – 2022

N2 – Biochar, a carbon-rich material made from the partial combustion of biomass wastes, is an emerging material of interest as it can remediate pollutants and serve as a negative carbon emission technology. In this Review, we discuss the application of biochar in municipal wastewater treatment, industrial wastewater decontamination and stormwater management in the context of sustainable development. By customizing the biomass feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions, biochar can be engineered to have distinct surface physicochemical properties to make it more efficient at targeting priority contaminants in industrial wastewater treatment via adsorption, precipitation, surface redox reactions and catalytic degradation processes. Biochar enhances flocculation, dewatering, adsorption and oxidation processes during municipal wastewater treatment, which in turn aids sludge management, odour mitigation and nutrient recovery. The addition of biochar to sustainable drainage systems decreases potential stormwater impact by improving the structure, erosion resistance, water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity of soils as well as removing pollutants. The feasibility of scaling up engineered biochar production with versatile, application-oriented functionalities must be investigated in collaboration with multidisciplinary stakeholders to maximize the environmental, societal and economic benefits.

AB – Biochar, a carbon-rich material made from the partial combustion of biomass wastes, is an emerging material of interest as it can remediate pollutants and serve as a negative carbon emission technology. In this Review, we discuss the application of biochar in municipal wastewater treatment, industrial wastewater decontamination and stormwater management in the context of sustainable development. By customizing the biomass feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions, biochar can be engineered to have distinct surface physicochemical properties to make it more efficient at targeting priority contaminants in industrial wastewater treatment via adsorption, precipitation, surface redox reactions and catalytic degradation processes. Biochar enhances flocculation, dewatering, adsorption and oxidation processes during municipal wastewater treatment, which in turn aids sludge management, odour mitigation and nutrient recovery. The addition of biochar to sustainable drainage systems decreases potential stormwater impact by improving the structure, erosion resistance, water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity of soils as well as removing pollutants. The feasibility of scaling up engineered biochar production with versatile, application-oriented functionalities must be investigated in collaboration with multidisciplinary stakeholders to maximize the environmental, societal and economic benefits.

UR – http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85132317758&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 – 10.1038/s43017-022-00306-8

DO – 10.1038/s43017-022-00306-8

M3 – Review article

AN – SCOPUS:85132317758

JO – Nature Reviews Earth and Environment

JF – Nature Reviews Earth and Environment

SN – 2662-138X

ER –

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Vow ASA: Vow technology BioGreen selected by NSR as Sweden's first biochar research center

6 July, 2022

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Vow technology BioGreen selected by NSR for Sweden's first biochar research centre

6 July, 2022

July 6th, 2022

BioGreen by Vow has been awarded a prominent place in a biochar demonstration plant in a new research centre opened by NSR in Sweden earlier this month. The research centre is the first of its kind globally and is one of seven facilities receiving funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies.

In the beginning of June this year, NSR (Nordvästra Skånes Renhållnings AB) inaugurated Sweden’s largest production facility for biochar produced from garden waste.

The plant will produce 1,500 tonnes of biochar annually from 7,000 tonnes of garden waste from the city parks and gardens of residents of Helsingborg. As a by-product of the process, a surplus of just over 11 GWh of district heating is also produced, providing heating to approximately 700 households each year.

At the same time and on a nearby location, a one-of-a-kind research centre for biochar was opened. The research centre is one of seven facilities globally receiving funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies, as a mean to scale up the potential of biochar pyCCS as a major solution to combat climate change.

BioGreen pyrolysis technology from Vow was selected for both facilities. The technology can be used in a broad range of applications for turning organic waste and biomass into valuable resources such as biochar and CO2 neutral energy.

The biochar from the NSR facility will be used for a variety of applications, including soil improvement. Because the biochar is a porous organic material, it increases water retention and makes room for the microorganisms that keep the soil alive and fertile. The research centre will also provide for increased knowledge of the possible uses and different characteristics of a wide variety of feedstock.

About NSR NSR (Nordvästra Skånes Renhållnings AB) is a leading recycling company in Sweden whose objective is to handle and recycle waste in the best possible way to create a long term sustainable and environmentally compatible society. NSR is owned by the six northwest Skåne municipalities of Bjuv, Båstad, Helsingborg, Höganäs, Åstorp and Ängelholm.

About Bloomberg Philanthropies Bloomberg Philanthropies work to improve the lives of millions of people in 941 cities and 173 countries. Encompassing all of Mike Bloomberg’s giving, Bloomberg Philanthropies includes his foundation, corporate, and personal philanthropy as well as Bloomberg Associates, a pro bono consultancy that works with mayors in cities around the world.

For more information, please contact

Henrik Badin, CEO, Vow ASA Tel: + 47 90 78 98 25 Email: henrik.badin@vowasa.com

Erik Magelssen, CFO, Vow ASA Tel: +47 928 88 728 Email: erik.magelssen@vowasa.com

About Vow Vow and its subsidiaries Scanship, C.H. Evensen and Etia are passionate about preventing pollution. The company’s world leading solutions convert biomass and waste into valuable resources and generate clean energy for a wide range of industries.

Cruise ships on every ocean have Vow technology inside which processes waste and purifies wastewater. Fish farmers are adopting similar solutions, and public utilities and industries use our solutions for sludge processing, waste management and biogas production on land.

With advanced technologies and solutions, Vow turns waste into biogenetic fuels to help decarbonise industry and convert plastic waste into fuel, clean energy, and high-value pyro carbon. The solutions are scalable, standardised, patented, and thoroughly documented, and the company’s capability to deliver is well proven. They are key to end waste and stop pollution.

Located in Oslo, the parent company Vow ASA is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange (ticker VOW).

Lysaker Torg 12

1366 Lysaker NORWAY

Org. nr. 996 819 000

Henrik Badin

Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

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The effects of g-C3N4/biochar and g-C3N4 on bacterial community in riverbed sediment

6 July, 2022

Biochar had been widely used to improve the activity of photocatalysts, the biochar-based photocatalysts had more potential for environmental pollution remediation, but their effect on the sediment remained unknown. To understand these, the typical photocatalyst g-C₃N₄ was modified by biochar to develop g-C₃N₄/biochar with enhanced photocatalytic ability. Riverbed sediment was exposed to g-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄/biochar respectively for 30 days, and Illumina sequencing was utilized to examine the changes in the bacterial community in the sediment. The results showed that in riverbed sediment, g-C₃N₄ exposure had a concentration-dependent effect on the diversity of bacteria, while g-C₃N₄/biochar exposure had a slight influence on the bacterial diversity and the diversity almost maintained stable with different g-C₃N₄/biochar concentration. The application of g-C₃N₄ exhibited an inhibition influence on the growth of Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Rokubacteria in sediment, whose relative abundance increased when g-C₃N₄ was 25 mg/kg, and then decreased when g-C₃N₄ beyond this concentration. The presence of g-C₃N₄/biochar increased the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria in sediment and showed no obvious impact on other dominant phyla. Both g-C₃N₄ and g-C₃N₄/biochar could alter the levels of TP, NN, and AN in the sediment, but the magnitude of the changes of these physicochemical factors caused by g-C₃N₄/biochar was much smaller than those caused by g-C₃N₄. In addition, the complexity of the bacterial community network was reduced in a high concentration of g-C₃N₄, while it remained stable with different concentrations of g-C₃N₄/biochar treatments. Totally, this study demonstrated that, compared to g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄/biochar was able to maintain the relative stability of the bacterial community in riverbed sediment and mitigate the negative effects of photocatalysts to some extent, making biochar an ecological remediation agent with great potential for application.

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This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Changsha, China (kq2202280), the National Science Foundation of China (31971462), the Key Research and Development Project of Hunan Province (2021NK20180), the Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province (19A509), and the Key Research and Development Project of Guangxi Province (AB21220026).

Yao Tang: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing—original raft.

Xuemei Hu: investigation, methodology.

Zhenggang Xu: methodology, data curation.

Xiaoyong Chen: writing—reviewing and editing; supervision.

Yelin Zeng: validation, editing, supervision.

Guangjun Wang: editing, supervision.

Yonghong Wang: validation; writing—reviewing and editing; supervision.

Gaoqiang Liu: validation; writing—reviewing and editing; supervision.

Yunlin Zhao: validation; writing—reviewing and editing; supervision.

Yaohui Wu: validation; writing—reviewing and editing; supervision.

Correspondence to Yaohui Wu.

All authors have approved the paper and agreed with its publication.

All the related authors confirmed there was no conflict of ethical approval.

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Received: 25 March 2022

Accepted: 02 July 2022

Published: 06 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21884-6

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High Selectivity and Stability Structure of Layered Double Hydroxide-Biochar for Removal Cd(II)

6 July, 2022

¹Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Palembang 30662, Indonesia

²Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Complexes, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University, Palembang 30139, Indonesia

³Departement of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Insitut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung 35365, Indonesia

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Effect of oxidative aging of biochar on relative distribution of competitive adsorption …

6 July, 2022

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In this study, aged biochar (CCB350 and CCB650) were obtained from pyrolysis of corn stalk biochar (CB350 and CB650) at the degree of 350 °C and 650 °C by artificial oxidation with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Also, the mechanism of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on fresh and aged biochars was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by batch adsorption experiments combined with characterization. The adsorption isotherm results showed that aging treatment decreased the adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ and inhibited the competitive adsorption behavior of heavy metals. In the single-metal system, precipitation and cation exchange were considered as the main adsorption mechanisms for CB350 and CB650, with a ratio of 40.07-48.23% and 38.04-57.19%, respectively. Competition between Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ increased the relative contribution of mineral precipitation, but decreased the contribution of cation exchange mechanism. Aging resulted in the rise of the contribution of surface complexation to the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on biochars, especially in low-temperature biochars, but weakened the contribution of mineral precipitation to the adsorption. Further, the contribution of other adsorption mechanisms was significantly enhanced for high-temperature aged biochars. These results are important to evaluate its long-term application prospects in the natural environment.

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Fine Biochar Powder Market Size, Global Forecast to 2028 – Eternity Insights

6 July, 2022

Eternity Insights has published a new study on Global Fine Biochar Powder Market focusing on key segments as by Type (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 4, Type 5), by Application (Application 1, Application 2, Application 3, Application 4, Application 5), and by region. This deep dive re-search report highlights the market and competitive intelligence across the key segments of the mar-ket. The report also considers the impact of COVID-19 on the global Fine Biochar Powder Market.

The report considers 2018-2020 as historic period, 2021 as base year, and 2022-2028 as forecast period. The report includes quantitative analysis of the market supported by the market drivers, challenges, and trends to accurately map the market scenario and competition. Moreover, key insights related to market having direct impact on the market will also be covered.

Fine Biochar Powder Market report is based on robust research methodology designed using blend of research ap-proaches developed using secondary/desk research and validated through the primary research and expert insights. Eternity Insights also uses paid data bases such as FACIVA, Hoovers, and other bench-marking and forecasting tools to provide accurate statistical analysis of supply and demand trends.

To learn more about this report

Geographically, the market is categorized in to five regions as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. North America region dominates the global Fine Biochar Powder market in terms of demand generation. The Fine Biochar Powder market in Asia Pacific region is expected to grow at significantly high growth rate. The regional market is further sub-segmented and analyzed at granular level across key countries. The report will include market size and forecast for Fine Biochar Powder market for below listed coun-tries across each region.

North America (U.S. and Canada), Europe (Germany, France, Italy, UK, Spain, and Rest of Europe), Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, Australia, and Rest of Asia Pacific region); Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, and rest of the Latin America); Middle East and Africa (GCC, South Africa, and Rest of the Middle East and Africa).

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Biochar Production from Waste Biomass using Modular Pyrolyzer for Soil Amendment

6 July, 2022

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Co-Application of Biochar Compost and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects the Growth and … – MDPI

6 July, 2022

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Figure 1

Aboagye, D.A.; Adjadeh, W.T.; Nartey, E.K.; Asuming-Brempong, S. Co-Application of Biochar Compost and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects the Growth and Nitrogen Uptake by Lowland Rice in Northern Ghana. Nitrogen 2022, 3, 414-425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3030027

Aboagye DA, Adjadeh WT, Nartey EK, Asuming-Brempong S. Co-Application of Biochar Compost and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects the Growth and Nitrogen Uptake by Lowland Rice in Northern Ghana. Nitrogen. 2022; 3(3):414-425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3030027

Aboagye, Daniel A., Wilfred T. Adjadeh, Eric K. Nartey, and Stella Asuming-Brempong. 2022. “Co-Application of Biochar Compost and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer Affects the Growth and Nitrogen Uptake by Lowland Rice in Northern Ghana” Nitrogen 3, no. 3: 414-425. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3030027

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Biochar Production Equipment and the Process Behind It – BlarBus-Tanzania

6 July, 2022

When looking to get started on a biochar production business, the initial step is always to buy the necessary equipment. There are numerous forms of biochar production equipment available on the market, so it is important to seek information and choose the right fit to suit your needs. This post will outline the different parts of a normal biochar production set-up, along with provide many ways on things to search for when creating your purchase. See the biochar machine here.

1. Feedstock preparation

The initial step in biochar production is feedstock preparation. This involves reducing how big the information which will be utilized to produce the biochar. This can be done through numerous means, such as chopping, grinding, or shredding. After the feedstock continues to be reduced to an appropriate size, it is then fed to the pyrolysis chamber. The sort of equipment utilized for this method can vary dependant upon the kind of feedstock being used. By way of example, woody materials could be fed right into a rotary kiln, while non-woody materials could be fed in to a retort reactor. Irrespective of the type of equipment used, the objective is always to heat the feedstock to some high temperature in order to initiate pyrolysis.

2. Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis will be the thermal decomposition of organic matter in the lack of oxygen. This is basically the primary process utilized to produce biochar, and it will be accomplished using various various kinds of equipment. The most frequent type of pyrolysis gear is a rotary kiln, which uses heat to interrupt down organic material although it rotates. Other pyrolysis equipment include retort furnaces, fluidized bed reactors, and fixed-bed reactors. Each kind of equipment possesses its own positives and negatives, so it is very important select the right form of equipment for the specific needs. Pyrolysis is a complex process, however with the proper equipment, it can be used to create high-quality biochar that will improve soil fertility and increase crop yields.

3. Gas cleaning and quenching

Two key areas of charcoal making machine are gas cleaning and quenching. Gas cleaning refers to the technique of removing impurities from the gas produced by the pyrolysis of biomass. This will be significant because it makes sure that the gas can be used safely and efficiently from the quenching process.

Quenching refers to the cooling from the gas using water or another liquid. This will be significant since it prevents the gas from igniting and damaging the device. Both gas cleaning and quenching are necessary aspects of biochar production, and they should be carefully monitored to make sure safe and efficient operation.

4. Product separation

This is the process of separating the ultimate product (biochar) in the other by-products of the pyrolysis process. This can be typically done using a variety of screening and/or centrifugation. In some cases, additional steps for example washing may also be used. The aim of product separation is to produce a final product that is as pure as possible. This will be significant because impurities may affect the caliber of the biochar and being able to be employed for soil amendment or carbon sequestration. By making sure that the final product is pure, biochar producers will help make sure that their product offers the greatest possible value.

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Phosphate capture from biogas slurry with magnesium-doped biochar composite derived …

6 July, 2022

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The performance, mechanisms, and effects of various coexisting ions on phosphorus (P) adsorptive capture in biogas slurry using MgO-doped biochar (MBC) were investigated. The results revealed that in comparison to the pristine biochar, the introduction of MgO significantly improved the P adsorptive capture feasibility of MBC. In addition, the process of P capture by MBC was not affected by the initial pH of the solution. The process of P capture could reach equilibrium within 120 min and be simulated using both the pseudo-first-order and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. In addition, the highest P capture capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model was approximately 129.35 mg/g. The coexisting of cations including NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr³⁺ in higher concentrations of promoted P adsorptive capture through precipitation and ionic atmosphere effects. The presence of coexisting ions including SO₄^2-, HCO₃^–, and fulvic acid (FA) had a certain inhibitory effect on the P adsorptive capture through competitive adsorption with phosphate. The existence of monovalent ions such as K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^–, and NO₃^– had no significant effect on P adsorptive capture. The adsorptive capture of P by MBC was affected by various processes including electrostatic attraction and surface complexation, and the presence of different coexisting substances had different impacts on the P adsorption. Adding to these, the P in the biogas slurry was completely adsorbed by the MBC during the experiment, indicating that MBC is a promising composite in the engineering application for the capture of P from wastewater.

Keywords: Adsorption; Biogas slurry; Coexisting ions; Engineered biochar; MgO; Phosphate.

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Morning Brew – Organic material – Newsletterest

7 July, 2022

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Efficacy of Biochar-Supplemented Soil for Modification of Physio-Biochemical Attributes of …

7 July, 2022

Various environmental factors affect plant growth, among which sufficient water availability is most crucial for plant survival. The present research work intends to determine the efficacy of acacia wood biochar (AW biochar) supplementation in soil for modification of physio-biochemical and yield attributes of canola genotypes (Hyola-401 and PARC) under sufficient moisture (80% field capacity) and deficit moisture (60% and 50% field capacity) regimes. Acacia wood (AW) biochar was finely crushed and mixed in the soil at a rate of 5% and filled in the pots, and pots were incubated for 60 days at 30 °C. Afterward, the experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, and water stress was imposed at the vegetative and reproductive stages of the canola. Soil analysis indicated that acacia biochar-supplemented (ABS) soil exhibited significantly improved surface area, porosity, organic matter, saturation percentage, nitrogen, and total organic carbon. Plant analysis demonstrated that canola genotypes in ABS soil had increased relative water content, membrane stability index, pigment profile, and photosynthetic attributes under deficit moisture regimes. Low levels of proline, sugar, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzyme activities indicated less severity of water stress with AW biochar supplementation. Moreover, morphological, yield attributes, and apparent water productivity were also increased with AW biochar supplementation. The AW biochar supplementation in soil appeared to alleviate water stress in canola genotypes, particularly PARC. The detailed analysis of the physical structure of ABS soil provides an insight into the process of soil-biochar interaction for improvement in its pore volume with enhanced water retention capacity and better plant growth under deficit moisture regimes.

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We acknowledge the PARC, Islamabad, and ICI, Lahore for providing the seeds of canola genotypes. We are also thankful to Dr. Mudassar Zafar, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat (HHC), Gujrat, for FTIR analysis.

HS performed the experimental work, statistical analysis, and initial write-up of the manuscript. SJ designed and supervised the experimental work and improved the quality of manuscript. KR assisted in the fieldwork and data analysis. SI provided assistance regarding experimental work and improvement of the manuscript. FR assisted in biochar production and critically reviewed the manuscript. All the authors have critically evaluated the manuscript and have agreed to submit it in order to read the manuscript and agree to submit it in its current form for publication in the Journal.

Correspondence to Summera Jahan.

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Received: 14 October 2021

Accepted: 23 June 2022

Published: 06 July 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-00918-5

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N Availability in Biochar-Based Fertilizers Depending on Activation Treatment and N Source

7 July, 2022

affiliation not provided to SSRN

Several biochar-based fertilizers (BBFs) were produced and characterized to study different activation and N-doping treatments to increase their N concentration and availability. BBFs were produced in three steps: first, the pyro